The contemporary issues in India Research Paper - 1

The contemporary recognizes in India - Research Paper ExampleThe bucolic is suffering from the problem of corruption and this is restricting the human development efforts in the country. Human trafficking is besides an issue that is tarnishing the reputation of the country and many people atomic number 18 being trafficked from India into other countries. The increasing population of India is also a major problem the country is facing. All these issues will be discussed in great event in the essay. decadence, human trafficking, and increasing population are the three issues that will be discussed in the essay.Corruption is one of the most major issues India is facing today. Many institutions of the country like politics, bureaucracy, and law enforcement institutions all are suffering from the deadly disease of corruption (Express India, p.1). India became an independent state in 1947, before then it was a British colony. In more than half of a century the institutions of the cou ntry have not unquestionable enough and this is why the problem of corruption exists in the country. The lack of infrastructure in the country may also be responsible for corruption because people working for the civil services know that they will not be caught while taking bribes. This lack of fear of conviction is one of the major reasons of gain of corruption in India.India is facing corruption problems at the grass root level. It is not just the institutional level of corruption that is haunting India. Lower level civil employees have developed a drug abuse of taking bribes from the ordinary citizens. It is common for very small restaurant owners to pay bribes even to stay circularise for longer hours (Burke, p.1). This level of prevalence of corruption is extremely dangerous because eradicating it becomes impossible. Top level corruption good deal be controlled by changing the management of the country through effective leadership but write down level of corruption means that the

Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) Research Paper

examine Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) - Research Paper ExampleIn order to run a fortunate industry, call for a imperious study of the labour force and productivity. In order to make logical and sound comparisons of these theories, it is crucial to understand their economic sense that informed their designs.Fredrick Taylor is considered the father of scientific supposition, as theorized in the late 1880s and 1890s the theory has significantly impacted positively to economics on labor and production (Neilson and Rossiter 69). Taylor motivation was based on the need to have a new dimension in the production process1. After the era of rule of thumb where employees were subjected to forceful long working hours, Taylor observed that patronage the long working hours, there was little reflection on the productivity. Before coming up with scientific theory, he studied employees pattern in jobs such as movement and time wastage. He recognized there was a lot of time wastag e and the unskilled approach used was ineffective.Certainly, the theory was founded after systematic identification of production and output mismatch. The analysis paid attention to rationality, work ethics, standardization and removal of inefficient processes in the entire industrial processes. This harsh economic background informed his suggestion on homework each employee and selecting them to undertake the best-suited jobs. In addition, the emphasis on efficiency through utilization of relevant skills and friendship culminated into the scientific model that is relevant to modern economics and management.This theory developed substantially in thirty-something following a shift in European economies to the use of machines and equipment in industrial processes (Kluvert 160). According to Charles Maler, the theory developed from its predecessor Taylorism, a suggestion that focused on organizational productivity through enhancing creativeness and innovation in each process. As ef ficiency continued to dominate economists vocabulary, Fordism

Why I want to attend law school Personal Statement

Why I want to attend law school - personalized Statement ExampleHowever, it was only after I faced a lot of hardships in liveliness did I realize the importance of education and that it alone can help in the betterment of an individual. I then completed my schooling and withdrawt some office skills before I decided to enroll in a law career. After I enrolled in the Department of Paralegal studies at Everest College in Dallas, my tinder was set on becoming an attorney and to help people in hardship. I was eager to learn everything in all areas of law and also worked hard in my program. Even before I go to formal education, I had a strong desire to help the poor and the needy. In my second class of college I was offered an externship position in the law office of one of the adjunct professors whose primary areas were criminal self-renunciation and family law. When I took the externship, I learnt that the office provided several pro bono legal services to the poor and during my t enure I assisted my professor in preparing legal documents of his indigent clients in cases such as divorces and other married issues, landlord/tenant disputes, child custody issues. I spent extensive hours reading the client case files, researching and penning briefs and preparing the cases for the court hearings.

Glio Tumors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Glio Tumors - Essay ExampleHowever, spinal pile, optic nerves, and so forth are often affected by Glio tumors in the human body. (Markert, pp. 11-12)Humans have always class things agree to its specifications for a better understanding, and therefore, gliomas have been categorized according to different types of cells, as well as, rank. In terms of types of cells, Ependymomas, Astrocytomas, Oligodendrogliomas, and Oligoastrocytomas are some(a) of the names of Gliomas. On the other hand, World Health Organizations has classified gliomas according to its pathological evaluation. In this regard, pilocytic astrocytoma, low- cross out astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma multiforme are the different classified gliomas according to the WHO grading system in the ascending order. (Barnett, pp. 23-25) It has been observed that score outlook is usually confronted in last grade of gliomas, which results in the maximum human survival of a year.Briefly, nausea, headache, cra nial nerve disorder, and vomiting are some of the usual symptoms of brain gliomas. Patients of Glio tumors often complain of visual loss, which is caused due to the affected optic nerve in the human brain. Numbness in the extremities can also be caused by the gliomas in the spinal cord of human body. In cases of high-graded gliomas, progressive memory is one of the most widespread symptoms of Glio tumors. (Barnett, pp. 29-31) In terms of prognosis of Glio tumors, most of the experts and neurosurgeons have accepted that it is incurable. Poor results have been observed during the diagnosis of patients with worse gliomas. In specific, worst results during prognosis have been shown by Glioblastoma multiforme. In such cases, three months is the maximum survival snip for the patients in times of no treatment. (Markert, pp. 41-44)Symptomatic therapy, palliative therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are some of the common treatments of Glio tumors. However, one of the

A Critique of a Clinical Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Critique of a clinical Nursing - Essay ExampleThis subscribe to clearly identifies the facts that simply educating patients on appraisal of symptoms of myocardial infarction would not suffice to influence a rapid reporting to seek fear and that the decision make is a complex process involving interplay of many factors that may be hitherto unknown by the fondness staff. To promote a speedy decision make process in such a situation, an laissez-faire(a) approach is to be taken, and the care staff may play a significant role in improving awareness in the population. The main problem is that myocardial infarction may present with a various array of symptoms in subsequent attacks, and the patients may fail to recognise it. This situation brings the population adventure to square one, they may be educated that future infarctions may well be different from the foregoing and the perspective remains unpredictable, and with age, the frequency of atypical symptoms increases. Since many factors play roles in the process of decision making to seek help, and there is still possibility that other hitherto unknown factors may emerge in other larger studies, no single determinant will have absolute generalized principality.This study included population from a wide range of socioeconomic background, this had inadequate female presentation, and in rail line to the authors expectation, a real generalization is possible with a larger number of study population, and it is expected by authors themselves that these varied themes are not all inclusive, and new themes may arise.This essay makes a conclusion that care is not medicine alone, care involves all round facilitation of wellbeing on the face of an illness, as a result that demands a continuous update of knowledge.

Applying lewin theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applying lewin theory - Case Study ExampleThis was to ensure why change was necessary and be able to let go of the present comfort zone. He acknowledge all the risks of making big changes in himself, the company as well as the colleagues but he was prepared to take action to every reaction. In this stage he expected complains from his colleagues due to the changes he was making.The change involved having a leaderless team, change the companys name and lay out the current supervisor of the group. This was the second stage which involved implementing the required changes and coming up with more efficient and in effect(p) ideas after all the team members have agreed to the same. Glen requested reinstatement by filing grievances and John allowed him to check-out procedure in the group but non as the group leader. John weighed all his options and decided that the teams should not inquire anything from him instead they should review everything they discuss in their group meetings. Th is was to empower them to their desired destiny as they would have opportunities to control their own work. This stage was involved moving the work mates and the entire task to incentive for transformation.The changes made by John were not easy for Glen and other team members in the company. The stolon team meeting they had after the changes, they did not know how to proceed since they did not have someone to get to them such details (Simms & Knowledge, 2005). William who had always thought of being a team leader volunteered to start off the meeting but he did not know what to tell the put down of the team. Though William had never been a formal team leader before, he was allowed to stand in to ensure that meetings were held. The next meeting they he came with ideas of how to improve the company but the rest of the team members never agreed on his thoughts instead, they spent the rest of the meeting voting on things they

Implementation of STEM Education Programs in Schools Article

Implementation of STEM cultivation Programs in Schools - Article ExampleImplementation in this context means an amalgamation of concepts from the three disciplines. In the article, the authors are of the thought that it would be tasking to effectively implement teaching and learning of these concepts without incorporating the contribution of languages, arts as well as the social sciences (Satchwell and Loepp, 2002). The process curriculum has seen an effectual implementation of the STEM subjects in schools.The triple-crown implementation as the authors argue, involved the contribution of the project team, and the design panel who were involved in revising the curriculum so as to incorporate the shoots of all learners (Satchwell and Loepp, 2002). Information from all stakeholders was collected, all in an attempt to ensure quality implementation of the STEM program. Through the process, the learners in Middle schools have been indicated to non only explore the ideas in the concerne d disciplines but also apply the ideas in various contexts (Satchwell and Loepp, 2002). This is a clear elucidation of the fact that implementation of the STEM curriculum in schools has been successful.However, it is significant to draw guardianship to the verity that the authors clearly emphasize that the implementation process has been faced with a myriad of challenges. Among the challenges involve the teachers need to learn novel content in the present setting (Satchwell and Loepp, 2002). Some teachers have also had a negative attitude towards implementing the STEM curriculum thus, hindering successful implementation. Authentic tests have also been a major impediment as the students progress was not consistent throughout the learning process (Satchwell and Loepp, 2002).Nonetheless, the authors prize the fact that classroom management has played an immense role in ensuring that STEM disciplines are utilise (Satchwell and Loepp, 2002). Schools that managed to design tests that

People Organizations and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People Organizations and Management - Essay Example34). Alignment is described as the design to which the human resource is linked to the business strategy. Capabilities include the talent, resources and information needed to implement the business strategy turn engagement is defined as the extent to which people in an placement are affiliated to the organization. The productiveness of the people in an organization and the quality of services offered to customers is influenced by various factors including the extent of team working, the organizations structure and culture. Team working involves members of an organization working together and complementing each some other to accomplish a particular task. When well conceived and implemented, team work offers various advantages which include enhanced creativity, change magnitude employee satisfaction and it offers an opportunity for one to develop and acquire new skills (REF). Moreover, team working enhances the speed with which results are achieved and creates a support network for employees which they can rely on. Organizational design also determines the performance and productivity of the people in an organization. Generally, organizations may fall into either traditional or contemporary organization design. chthonic traditional organizational design, an organization may have simple structure or a operative structure while contemporary design may be team structure, matrix structure or project structure. Moreover, contemporary organizational design may be either lead to autonomous versed units, boundary-less organizations or learning organizations (Chatterjee, 2009, p. 150). Moreover, the human resource in all organizations is influence by the culture of that organization (Chatterjee, 2009, p. 147). Organizational culture is described as the pattern of norms, beliefs, values, attitudes and all those assumptions which may not have been articulate although they determine the way people behave and carry on their daily businesses. It is a system of unceremonial rules guiding peoples behaviour in an organization (Campeanu-Sonea et al., 2010, p. 328). This paper will make a comparison of teamwork, organizational design and culture of two different firms Biogenia and Sleepeasy. Biogenia is an international company involved in the production of farming chemicals such as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. It has an employee base of 15000 and operates in ten countries. On the other hand, Sleepeasy is a mid-market hotel chain targeting business travellers and tourists. Comparison of greetes to teamwork and team-working at Biogenia and Sleepeasy Given the many benefits accruing to an organization after fostering teamwork, firms unendingly strive to enhance it. However, different organizations use on varied approaches to achieve teamwork as brought out in the case study the Biogenia and Sleepeasy. Grant et al. (2005. p.165) described six approaches that are used in teamwork. These approaches include shared plans, joint bearings, team plans, cooperative problem solving, collective purports and cooperative subcontracting. In team plan approach teamwork is based a group of people with an intention of performing a complex task while in joint intentions all the agents in a group have a specific intention which brings them to work together (Grant, et al., 2005, p. 168). In shared plan approach, agents are bound together by a set of intentions. Cooperative problem solving approach to team work is based on an intention to interconnecting different

FDI in Venezuela's Petroleum Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FDI in Venezuelas Petroleum Industry - test ExampleAt times governmental institutions make closes based on erroneous information. Venezuela believed in the 1970s and 1980s closing the market of its petroleum industry was the best course of action. The governmental communityalism of the industry impeded access to foreign investors. Nationalism refers to the devotion to the interest or culture of one nation (Answer, 2009). A commodity in reality should not be categorized in that manner. Venezuelan do major changes after 1991 to revive its petroleum industry. The topics covered in the answers of the case study provide an outline of the changes that occurred in the Venezuelan petroleum industry during the past 20 years. 1.In 1976 the Venezuelan government made the decision of nationalizing its fossil oil industry in an attempt to keep this valuable imaging away from the hands of niggardly foreign oil companies. The plan seemed like a good noble idea at the time, notwithstanding the reality was that the country made a serious error of judgment. The idea was to save the natural resource so that the Venezuelan people could reap the benefits of having its own crude oil for domestic purposes. The naive and inexperient management team at the petroleum plant was so incompetent that they failed to develop new oil fields to replace the depletion of existing reserves. Venezuela thought it could become richer by running the operation themselves and keeping contend control. The idea that by keeping foreigners away from the oil would benefit the people of Venezuela the most was a nationalist egocentrism mentality that doomed the Venezuela oil industry.

Comparison And Contrast Of The Importance Of Religion And Secularism Essay

Comparison And Contrast Of The Importance Of Religion And Secularism - Essay ExampleIn the prince Machiavelli does not direct reference to religion or secularism because his berth is the well existence of the community and security. He does not give so much emphasis on righteousity in political actions. For him moral acts were just part of instrumental in achieving political expedience. So for him the social and political consequences f acts raise him more than th moral intent of any action. For Machiavelli in human nature all actions be bound to be either good or evil. Machiavelli feels that the violation of personal morality is not justified. just quickly points out the fact that the violations of the standards of personal morality can excused in ceases of public interest. The honors be thrown upon statesmen according to Machiavelli to know when to act in the interest of the common good. Machiavelli himself was a Christian though he had contends on the church which was near ly directed at the clerics. These attacks can never be considered as anti religious but rather on the scandalous live of popes and their political activities. His critic on religion was mostly on Christianity since it helped the close to minority to achieve political expediency and the socially undesirable ends. This led him to call for the return an original creed. He promoted the idea of social pragmatics in religion than support secularism. tally to Machiavelli Glory is rendered to acts that are cherished and remembered by mankind. In his view finding religion involves the insertion of religion, establishing commonwealths, creating literature and through process of commanding armies as well. . John Lockes views on religion melt to align to those of Machiavelli. In the simple respect that hush up views religion as an individual decision and not one imposed by the common wealth or state. According to Lock religion should yet be addressed in private sphere. This has to an i mpression that john lock in actual signified trivializes religion not seeing not seeing the importance of having it in the public. Especially when celebrating religious activities publicly. In the treatise of government makes a categorical attack on religion labeling those who disagree with him as not being part of the body of Christ (23). Lock further notes that the authority of the church merely comes from the priests and in his view does not come from God. He further notes that orthodoxy in religious belief and adherence comes from individual belief. According to lock churches should not be involved in worldly maters and therefore it has no impact on what people do (32). Lock view on religion is that individual should find their own course and does not understand which path is the right to follow. This is in respect to the fact people follow unlike paths. He actually trivializes the Christian traditions by claiming that Christ mention that he is the way is not right. Since some people do not see that as right (36).Jons hn locks attack on Christian traditions include an attack on baptism and the holy communion. He mentions how the two traditions are in respect to individual discretion for example how others are allowed to take the Holy Communion while others are not allowed. Lock also mentions the dissimilar baptism to justify himself on individual discretion on the practices lock presents himself as secular holding no traditional religious beliefs or practices. Quite different to Machiavelli who in spite of his philosophy does not parapet religious beliefs. He himself was raised and died as a Christian. This is quite different john lock who is secular in his views and perspectives. The

Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and Essay - 1

familiarity is generated finished the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of experience - examine ExampleKnowledge management is an important part of life, and without knowledge it is difficult for an case-by-case to survive in this world of such cut throat competition. Individuals constantly ask to strive for knowledge and also need to understand the different ways of attaining knowledge and also the different areas of knowledge.In my opinion, the statement Knowledge is generated finished the interaction of critical and creative thinking is a true statement. tiny thinking chamberpot be defined as giving a reflective statement by assessing the thoughts and efforts of other individuals or processes. Critical thinking allows one to think from many perspectives and then arrive at a conclusion. When one is in the phase of thinking critically, many new types of knowledge may be experienced by the individual in justifying their criti cal thoughts and opinions.Critical thinking enkindle be applied to all disciplines of knowledge areas. The disciplines can be intelligence, math and even history. All areas need critical reviews and evaluations to be conducted for justifications.Critical thinking can be a challenging task and it can prove to be a strong culture experience for the individuals. Science has many new inventions and innovations that have been invented for the use of mankind. With each new invention, there is a history as to how the product or service came into being (Preece, 310).If we take the example of Newton, he invented the science of physics. He invented the law of motion and other such laws in the field of physics. Such knowledge was invented through observation, critical thinking and investigation of events that were unfolding in front of him. This is the way how individuals learn new knowledge and come upon new inventions.The process of critical thinking consists of understanding the assumpti ons that are associated with any situation or statement, then the arguments present need to be reviewed and

J.C. Bach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

J.C. live - Essay ExampleAfter J.S. died when J.C. was only fifteen, J.C.s older brother, Carl Philipp Emanuel live, took over the melodyal instruction (Erickson 174). bachelors works reveal the influences from both his make and his brother. Classical music is serious or conventional music that follows long-established principles (Vandome 7). As a classical composer, Bach was limited to the rules placed down by the umteen classical artists before his magazine, including those of his father and brother. Indeed, the majority of what J.C. larn growing up had been the works of his father, which helped him to understand the principles of classical music. After being taught by his father and brother, J.C. Bach moved to Italy in 1756 to learn under Giovanni Battista Martini, another famous classical player. While living in Italy, Bach obtained the job as the organist at Milan Cathedral, where he also wrote devil of his Masses, a Requiem, and a Te Deum. J.C. Bach was the only child o f the eleven Bach siblings to dabble in opera, which became a successful passage for him. He first wrote the arias to be placed into the operas written by other composers, and then he wrote pastiches it was in 1760 that he was paid to write a complete opera, Artaserse. Two years after, he was commissioned by the Kings Theatre in London to write more operas. ... However, not only did Bach remain in London, but he also became the most popular musician in England for a reign of twenty years and was given the job of being the music master of Queen Charlotte and her children. This lastly led to Bachs marriage to the Queens daughter, Cecilia Grassi, in 1766 (Thompson 29). Grassi and Bach did not vex children together, but instead focused on Bachs music career. Unfortunately, at the end of his twenty-year music reign, peoples interest in Bachs works diminished entirely. By the clock cartridge clip of his death on January 1, 1782, he was remembered more as his fathers son than the indiv idual musician that he aimed at becoming. After his death, Franz Joseph Haydn, another thoroughly-known name in classical music, worked off of many of Bachs works, and many of his concerts involved quite a few of Bachs symphonies. During his time in London, Bach met an aspiring young classical musician by the name of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart had been touring London, as well as Paris, on the orders of his father with the hopes of promoting Mozarts talents as a classical musician as a young musical prodigy, Bach became interested in the future of the young man. Due to the amount of time that Bach and Mozart spent together, it is believed that Bach became one of the greatest influences on Mozarts music. The extent of Bachs influence can be seen in Mozarts piano sonata in B-flat in the Linz sonata (Nicholas 88), which is similar to two of Bachs sonatas that Mozart would have been subjected to in his time. Mozart revered Bach so much that he arranged three sonatas from Bachs Op. 5 into

Reducing No Show rate in a tertiary care Hospitals Research Paper

Reducing No prove regularize in a tertiary c are Hospitals - Research Paper ExampleThe research was undertaken by the use of a telephone interview, and found the reasons for no- says among patients in different hospitals namely specialized women and childrens hospitals and the chief(prenominal) hospitalsThe purpose of this research work is to come up with ways of reducing the rates at which patients bring out to show up at hospitals for booked appointments with physicians. This paper shall look into the reasons why no-show rates are high. In addition to that, this paper shall investigate the methods of managing and reducing the no-show figures, so that the rate at which patients go to show up for appointments can be kept low. This will be done with the aim of better the quality of medical services provided and increasing the satisfaction of patients.The method preferred for the research work is the sixer Sigma method. This method seeks to achieve an improvement in process outpu t quality by pinpointing and getting unblock of the factors that cause defects. In addition to that, the Six Sigma helps minimize viability in the processes of business. The no-show rate was calculated use the following formulaThe statistics collected over the month of December 2012 indicated that the average percentage of outpatients who did not show up for consultation in hospitals was at 31%. When segmented, the rate of no-shows stood at 19.58% in the women- specialized hospital, 35.71% for the replenishment hospital, 30.7 % for the children-specialized hospital and 37.15 for the outpatients at the of import hospital.The rates of no-shows in hospitals are very high, especially in the main and rehabilitation hospitals. The effects of no-shows on a hospital will continue to be felt for as long as there are no measures put in place to curb the rate at which patients fail to present themselves at the hospitals for their pre-booked appointments (Johnson, Mold &

Proposal on A Qualitative Study of primary care practitioners views of Essay

Proposal on A soft Study of primary care practitioners views of treating childhood corpulency in Saudi Arabia - Essay Exampleho are just a little overweight leads to a consistent increase in obesity amongst them causing them to gain weight excessively overtime thus leading towards prolonged suffering for themselves as well as their families (WHO, 2006). Further to this is the fact that the overall costs for health care systems has risen alarmingly high causing even more strain for governments to meet these needs (WHO, 2006).More than 43 million children worldwide, below the age of five were diagnosed as overweight in 2010 (World Health Organization, 2011) Obesity which was once except limited to the high income countries is now on the rise even in the middle class as well as the low income countries, particularly in urban settings (WHO, 2011). Today, more than 35 million children be to the developing countries are overweight and somewhat 8 million children in developed countrie s belong to the aggroup of obesity. Moreover, forty three million children under the age of five are overrweight (WHO, 2011).Obesity amongst infants and youth is cerebrate to a concurrent boost in rises associated with chronic diseases (Abalkhail, 2002). This glut of weight is also one of the recognise contributors of paediatric hypertension. Children who are obese are at a much more elevated insecurity for developing enduring chronic conditions including type 2 onset diabetes mellitus, orthopaedic disorders, coronary heart ailments and respiratory diseases (Abalkhail, 2002). Additionally childhood obesity can also lead to an increase in consequent morbidness regardless of the fact if obesity persists in adulthood or not (Abalkhail, 2002).Obesity and overweight involve both become quite dominant in Saudi Arabia over the past few years. This is not only common amongst the adults but is equally widespread amongst the children as well. Based on recent statistics, approximately 6% of the people in Saudi Arabia are obese, with 50% of these being children and adolescents (King Saud University Obesity Chair, 2011).Whats

The community ecology of the organism Research Paper

The community ecology of the organism - Re oceanrch Paper mannequinThe community ecology of the organismSea otters be keystone predators, whose presence has a far-reaching influence on the marine food web by affecting the nations of sea urchins, which indirectly affects the populations of kelp forests & former(a) marine organisms. in that respect has been a steep decline in sea otter populations due to water pollution and exploitation for furs. This has bear on marine ecology adversely. It is therefore suggested that sea otters should be included in the endangered species list to hold dear them from further exploitation. This study focuses on the community ecology of sea otters and their impact on marine ecology. The expect for their inclusion in the Endangered Species list and implications of such an intervention ar also evaluated. Community ecology Sea otters predate on many herbivorous invertebrates, including sea urchins. Sea urchins feed on kelps, which are an importan t habitat for fishes and other marine organisms. A high population of sea urchins has an adverse upshot on kelp forests. Since sea otters predate upon sea urchins, their populations are kept in check. This reduces the grazing pressure on kelp, facilitating macroalgal growth (Laidre). Therefore, sea otters play an indirect, yet vital role in the preservation of kelp forests. This in stave protects kelp forests and other macroalgae, which would have otherwise been depleted due to grazing by sea urchins.in turn protects kelp forests and other macroalgae, which would have otherwise been depleted due to grazing by sea urchins. Where sea otters abound so do lush kelp forests, and where sea otters are absent the habitat is typically deforested by hyperabundant sea urchins (Soule et al 1240). The significance of this interaction can be wholly surmised only when the importance of kelp forests is understood. Kelp forests are a root system of food and habitat for dozens of other coastal spe cies (Soule et al 1240). Innumerable coastal marine organisms attain on kelp forests, enhancing biodiversity of the region. Therefore, to maintain the diversity and richness of coastal marine ecology, sea otters should be preserved, who indirectly go across to the preservation of kelps. Impact of sea otters on community ecology The presence or absence of sea otters influences marine ecology at the community-level. Studies have shown that kelp forests enhance the underwater environment, providing a suitable habitat for fishes. The declining kelp beds in California in the mid 1900s propelled the Kelp Habitat Improvement Project, whereby attempts were made to eliminate sea urchins that are primary predators of kelps. Studies showed that the elimination of sea otters during the 1800s from the Californian waters might be responsible for the dwindling numbers of kelp forests. Further studies have also shown that the population density of sea otters affects seaweed biodiversity too. In a study conducted in Alaska on three different bays, the Torch Bay, Deer Harbor and the Surge Bay, it was found that the presence of sea otters led to a decrease in the population of sea urchins, which led to an increase in the population of seaweeds (Interaction with kelps & sea otters). In addition, it was also found that annual kelps predominated the areas where sea otters were present, and perennial kelps predominated in areas that had lesser sea otter populations (qtd. in Interaction with kelps & sea otters). As is evident, sea otters are vital for maintenance of kelp communities that are primary habitats of other coastal marine