How Material Things Contribute Towards Differences on a Street Essay

Taking into consideration that ‘difference is not the same as inequality’ (Blakeley et al., 2009, p. 24), this essay intends to look at KÃâ€" and outline how the material things contribute towards differences with reference to City Road; deriving from the premise that the material assets of a street can generate either an inclusive or exclusive interaction, favouring some and not others. Kà ¶nigsalle, known by its nickname, â€Å"Kà ¶, is the most beloved upscale commercial street in Germany (Welt online, 2010). On one side of the street we have stores from the most expensive brands in the world and on the other, a mix of baroque buildings which host a different number of businesses. Being seen walking along or visiting its stores is denotative of a unique social status. Everything along the Kà ¶ is designed to be in accordance to and promote an upscale social lifestyle. The material things on City Road, while performing a more literal function, also contribute to tangible objective differences when favouring, for example, pedestrians over drivers (e.g. the red tarmac offers pedestrians an extra safety measure when crossing, while taking away space from the drivers); parking is also a critical matter, generating therefore, economic consequences for the local shops (‘Material Lives’, 2009, scene 1). Another relevant point is the fact that, City Road social appearance, along with its material assets usage, changes considerably throughout the day, making it almost a different street by nightfall (e.g. from a busy commercial street during the day to a ‘party haven’ at night, when it is taken over by young adults) (‘Making social lives on City Road’, 2009, Scene 8). Such an absolute change does not occur on the Kà ¶. On the Kà ¶, the very same material things, should not only perform the most frugal of the functions, but also be in accordance to what the street stands for, thus, being an active part of the process of creating objective tangible differences -like in City Road, as well as, subjective ones. Kà ¶ supports its image by providing the necessary visible and invisible infrastructure to sustain a busy, high-octane upscale atmosphere: The street signage is visible; there are several crossing points; clearly marked sidewalks, tarmacs and lanes favour the mobility of handicapped individuals as well as bicycles and pedestrians without deterring traffic; it is well lit; the buildings and facades are well taken care of; litter bins are everywhere and one will, for example, find plenty of parking possibilities, which as a result, allows the individual to visit the stores and restaurants and feel safe. Altogether, the material things are in perfect apparent symbiosis with its users. Separately, each material asset on the Kà ¶ objectively indicates them as being part of a regular commercial street just like City Road. When looking at them altogether, the ensemble creates a striking subjective difference. To better illustrate how the material things on both streets subjectively enforces a certain type of behaviour and attitude, take the example of an individual walking down the street wearing shorts, tank-top and flip-flops. On City Road, this individual would most likely not even be noticed. The same individual walking down the Kà ¶, would be regarded as conspicuous. The same can be applied to the type of cars circulating on the Kà ¶ or City Road, a Ferrari on the Kà ¶ would be taken for granted while on City Road it would probably stand out. Another example to consider is parking. Though there are many parking slots and options, the prices around the Kà ¶ are up to 80% more expensive than other streets in Dà ¼sseldorf (RP Online, 2011), hence, favouring the visit of the more affluent layer of the community over the lesser one. There is no sign on the Kà ¶ telling who is welcomed or not; objectively speaking everyone is welcomed, but its material things are invested with such a subjective meaning, that they set the pace and shape of the local social life, creating therefore, an alluring environment which itself dictates a whole gamut of social patterns that are absorbed and followed by the local community, consequently contributing towards differences. While City Road reveals a more inclusive image, Kà ¶ conversely manifests a more exclusive one. As we can see, each street is similar in various aspects and are designed and structured to cater and favour a specific type of person, business or activity and its material things corroborate such a process by subjectively or objectively embedding certain social patterns which will then be adopted by their users.

Calorimetry and Hess’s Law Essay

Elemental magnesium is one of the principal components of flares used to illuminate nighttime activities, or to aid in signaling one’s location to aircraft and ships. Your instructor may ignite a strip of magnesium ribbon to demonstrate the combustion of magnesium in air. It will be evident that a great deal of light energy is released from this reaction. A direct method for measuring the heat produced by this reaction would be difficult, so we shall resort to an indirect method in this experiment as discussed below. Some chemical reactions (including the one above) are associated with the evolution of thermal energy and are called exothermic reactions. When there is absorption of energy in a chemical reaction, the process is called endothermic. The magnitude of the energy change is determined by the particular reaction as well as the amount of product(s) formed. The thermal energy transferred in a balanced chemical reaction carried out at constant pressure is called the enthalpy of reaction (or heat of reaction) and is  given the symbol ΔHrxn. ΔHrxn is often expressed in units of kJ/mole where mole refers to the amount of a reactant or a product involved in the reaction. In general, the reactant or product must be specified. In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy changes of several exothermic reactions utilizing a simple calorimeter. This calorimeter consists of an insulated vessel (a Styrofoam cup), a thermometer, and a lid (which is loose fitting to allow the pressure to remain constant. The energy given off by any reaction carried out in the calorimeter is absorbed by both the calorimeter and the solvent (water). This causes an increase in the temperature of the calorimeter and solvent that can be me asured by a thermometer. The heat that is absorbed by the calorimeter and solvent is calculated from the equation: qcal = C â‹… ΔT (1) where C is the heat capacity of the calorimeter and solvent, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the water (the solvent) in the calorimeter. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1  °C. In this experiment, the vessel and the amount of solvent remain constant, so C is a constant. Enthalpy is an extensive quantity, so the amount of heat generated by the reaction is given by the expression: qrxn = n â‹… ΔH (2)  where n is the number of moles of a specific reactant or product and ΔH is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ/mol. Since the energy of the universe is conserved, the total energy change of the system (the reaction) and surroundings (calorimeter and solvent) is equal to zero. These relationships can be combined as shown in equation (3). qsystem + qsurroundings = qreaction + qcalorimeter = n⋅ΔH + C⋅ΔT = 0 (3) This equation can be rearranged to determine either C or ΔH as shown in equations (4) and (5). C = − n⋅ΔH/ΔT (4) ΔH = − C⋅ΔT/n (5) For exothermic reactions, ΔH < 0 and ΔT > 0. The main experimental problem in any calorimetric measurement is obtaining an  accurate value of ΔT. The initial temperature, Ti, of the reactants can be determined directly using a thermometer. However, it is difficult to obtain a precise value for the final temperature, Tf (the instantaneous temperature when the reactants are mixed together and react), because (1) reactions do not occur instantaneously, and (2) calorimeters are not perfectly insulating, but actually allow some heat energy to slowly enter or escape from the calorimeter over time. This occurs both during the reaction and after its completion. If an exothermic reaction occurs in a hypothetical calorimeter that is perfectly insulated, all of the heat produced by the reaction will remain in the calorimeter, resulting in a constant final temperature. This would yield the same ΔT whether or not the reaction is instantaneous. Now consider a hypothetical exothermic reaction that occurs instantaneously, but in a realistic calorimeter that is not perfectly insulated. In this case, the temperature of the calorimeter would diminish over time due to the gradual escape of heat energy to the surroundings. ï€  The â€Å"final† temperature to be used in determining ΔT in this case is actually the maximum temperature reached immediately after reaction occurs, since this temperature change is due exclusively to the heat produced in the reaction, and no escaping of heat to the surroundings has occurred yet. For real calorimeter experiments, reactions neither occur instantaneously nor are calorimeters perfectly insulated. Thus, during an exothermic reaction the temperature of the calorimeter increases initially, but never has a chance to reach the correct maximum â€Å"final† temperature since heat is escaping to the surroundings even while the reaction is proceeding toward completion. A correction for this heat exchange is made by an extrapolation process using the temperature vs. time curve (see Figure 1). First, a plot of the temperature readings as a function of time for the reaction is generated. By extrapolating only the linear portion of the curve (e.g., the points including and after the maximum temperature) back to zero time (the time when the reactants were mixed in the calorimeter), Tf is obtained. The Tf value determined in this manner will be the temperature that the calorimeter and the solvent would have reached, had the reaction occurred instantaneously and with no heat exchange to the room. This value should be used for the calculation of change in temperature, ΔT. Consult with your TA for specific instructions for extrapolation using Microsoft Excel. A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Mg Using Hess’s Law The calorimeter will be used to determine the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium by application of Hess’s law. Consider the following reactions: (a) H2(g) +  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) ΔHa = − 285.84 kJ/mole (b) Mg(s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g) ΔHb (c) Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l) → MgO (s) + 2 H+ (aq) ΔHc By adding equations (a), (b), and (c) we obtain (d) Mg (s) +  ½ O2 (g) → MgO (s) ΔHrxn = ΔHa + ΔHb + ΔHc which represents the combustion of Mg(s). Reaction (a) represents the formation of liquid water from its constituent elements. The enthalpy change for this reaction, symbolized ΔHa above, is the standard heat of formation of liquid water (or ΔHf (H2O)) and is a known quantity. ΔHb and ΔHc will be determined experimentally by measuring the temperature rise when known masses of magnesium metal and magnesium oxide, respectively, are added to hydrochloric acid. Reaction (c) as written is an endothermic reaction. Since it is easier to perform the reverse (exothermic) reaction, the data you collect will be of opposite sign to that needed for the Hess’s law calculation for reaction (d). When data from your analysis is correctly combined with that for the known reaction (a), the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium metal can be obtained. PROCEDURE: Note: Handle the Styrofoam cups gently. They will be used by other lab sections! A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Magnesium Reaction of Magnesium Metal and Hydrochloric Acid 1. Using the graduated cylinder, add 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the empty calorimeter. Wait for a few minutes to allow the set-up to reach thermal  equilibrium. 2. While waiting, determine the mass of a sample of magnesium ribbon (about 0.15 g) on the analytical balance, and then wrap it with a piece of copper wire. The copper will not react in the solution; its purpose is to prevent the magnesium from floating to the surface during the reaction. Do not wrap the magnesium too tightly or it will not react quickly enough with the HCl solution. Do not wrap the magnesium too loosely since it may escape the copper â€Å"cage† and float. 3. Using LoggerPro, start a run of 500 seconds with the temperature probe in the 1.0 M HCl in the calorimeter (with lid). 4. The magnesium/copper bundle is added to the HCl solution. Replace the lid with the thermometer in place, and begin swirling to mix. Be sure to support the temperature probe. Continue swirling and collecting data and record about 300 seconds or until the temperature starts decreasing. This will provide the linear part of the curve, and are the most important points for the extrapolation procedure. 5. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible. Place the piece of copper in the container labeled â€Å"copper waste.† B. Reaction of Magnesium Oxide and Hydrochloric Acid 1. Place 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl into a clean graduated cylinder. 2. On a top-loading balance, transfer approximately 0.7 to 0.8 g of MgO to a clean weighing boat (no need to record this mass). Next, determine the mass of the MgO and the weighing boat on the analytical balance and record the data. Transfer the MgO to the dry calorimeter. 3. On the analytical balance, record the mass of the â€Å"empty† weighing boat after the transfer and calculate the mass of MgO actually transferred to the calorimeter. 4. Record the initial temperature (Ti) of the 1.0 M HCl solution in the graduated cylinder. 5. Note the time (time = zero) and add the 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the calorimeter containing the MgO. 7-8 points after the temperature maximum. In this reaction all the MgO should react since HCl is used in excess. However, if the solid MgO is allowed to sit on the bottom or sides of the cup it will not dissolve and hence it will not react. Make sure the solution is mixed constantly but gently. (NOTE: Before discarding this solution, check to see that all of the MgO has reacted. If solid MgO remains, the results from this portion of the experiment are not accurate. If any solid is present, this portion of the experiment must be repeated.)  6. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible.

Marketing Management, Eleventh Edition

Visual Consistency was the main feature of Crispin’s advertising campaign. They gave full focus to the support background. In both their advertising campaigns they promoted the chicken costume and the Coq Roq Band rather than starting the ad with it and ending with advertising the Tender Crisp chicken and chicken fries. This made the promotion not too commercial and â€Å"uncool† as believed by the young generation.Crispin did not keep the campaign duration very long. They concentrated on creating a surprising, short yet captive campaign as found in www. subservientchicken. com where the last icon was the only indication of BK’s promotion. They even went on promoting the created Coq Roq Band before airing their ads on MTV and VH-1. The tagline identified by Crispin was â€Å"Have it your way. † This tagline was used for all the promotional activities developed for Burger King.This simple but sticky tagline helped in word-of mouth publicity which is conside red to be more convincing and effective. Burger King was consistently positioned as the youth’s eating style. The Brand positioning was such that the young people could identify Burger King with themselves. It was positioned as food (fast food) meant for young men. Simplicity was the central theme of BK as they shied away from being too commercial. The promotion included in-store signage to message on cups with the tagline â€Å"Have it your way.† This helped in better retention and understanding of the message by its target audience. Identifiable Selling Point of Burger King is its customized burger service to customers. This is its unique selling point (USP). This means giving a sense of importance and uniqueness to customers as they feel well served. This gives an edge to Burger King over its competitors. Works Cited Page Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, Eleventh Edition, Pearson Education Publishers, Delhi, 2003

Chinatown (1974) - dir. Roman Polanski Movie Review - 1

Chinatown (1974) - dir. Roman Polanski - Movie Review Example Gittes follows Hollis moves, takes pictures of him with a young woman, and hears him oppose the development of new reservoir that makes the headline of the following newspaper. A beautiful woman confronts Gittes in his office; she claims to be the real Evelyn Mulwray and he can anticipate a lawsuit. He notices it is a set up and Gittes wants to establish the person behind it and his investigations guides him to Mulwray’s drowned body. Gittes suspects murder, he investigates and realizes that every night, huge quantities of water are released from the reservoir, and the land is almost dry. Gittes realizes that Hollis was once a business partner of John Huston (Noah Cross) his father. Noah Cross promises to give Gittes a huge amount if he succeeds in looking for Hollis missing girlfriend. As Gittes investigates the missing of Hollis girlfriend, he discovers that many orange groves have transformed their ownership in San Fernando. When Gittes visits San Fernando Valley, he is confronted and beaten by angry landowners who thought that he was from the water department who had been destroying and poisoning their water reservoirs to force them out of their land. Gittes finds out that Mulwray was killed when he knew that the new water tank would be used to irrigate newly bought properties. Gittes unravels a murder drama, which looks to be linked to the water reservoirs in San Fernando Valley. The conspiracy that Gittes unravels does not fit a real noir crime film because there is the absence of high-speed loot, no gems, and jewels. Instead, Huston, and other people are planning to dry up the San Fernando Valley by moving water to another direction in order to purchase the land cheaply, and then re-divert water back into the land so that the land becomes fertile, and sell it at a higher price. The central question is how Evelyn Mulwray fits in all this activities and who is this mysterious woman associated with

Reckoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reckoning - Essay Example She compares England to â€Å"Jerusalem† (720), which is a holy place in her heart. According to Kincaid, England was a unique jewel that only special people got to wear (720). England the jewel is so beautiful, gentle, and delicate in her opinion that she cannot help but express her adoration. She even extends the admiration to the people of England. She says, â€Å"The people who got to wear England were English people† (720). The statement clearly shows how unique the English people were to be able to wear that special jewel, England. Kincaid forms her idea of England in many ways. First, she learned about England from school. She describes how her teacher first showed them England from a map. â€Å"When my teacher had pinned this map up on the blackboard, she said, ‘This is England’- and she said it with authority, seriousness, and adoration, and we all sat up† (720). The teacher’s tone was enough indication that the topic about England was important, and they needed to take it in seriously thus it drew Kincaid’s attention to the study and knowledge of England. Secondly, Kincaid experiences England in her daily life. An example is the can of cocoa that has a label of â€Å"Made in England† on it. Others like the box of oats, her cloth, socks, and shoes all have this particular tag. Her curiosity and knowledge of England improves with these daily experiences. Kincaid also learned much about England from demonstrations by her parents. She writes about how her father must have seen and admired the picture of an Englishman wearing a particular hat in England (721). She talks greatly of how her mother taught her to eat her food the English way (721). Although Kincaid has such fascinations about England, she is far away on an island and can only live with what she has heard or seen from few English people she met. She merely lives under the shadow of

Unique style and technique of Sandro Botticelli Research Paper

Unique style and technique of Sandro Botticelli - Research Paper Example All the aesthetics of the Italian Renaissance reached its highest stage of development by the end of the 15th century in the works of the eminent Florentine school artists - Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Their works masterly show the two sides of our existence - spirituality and humanity; subtle excellence of works of the High Renaissance places emphasis on the interrelationship of personal world and objective reality. Botticelli worked mostly with the subjects drawn from the Bible, frequently from the New Testament and classical antique mythology.It seems, at first glance, that he was concerned with purely religious or mythological subjects – the subjects artists used to turn to centuries ago. But it’s just enough to look at his Renaissance Madonnas to realize that there is nothing in common between them and the Virgin and Child on icons. The sacred theme appears just as a secular portrait of a young woman whose name is even known. W hat is this? Broadness? Sacrilege? The life journey of Sandro Botticelli, his unique style and technique, will be examined through the example of his timeless works of art in this paper. Giorgio Vasari, an Italian painter of the 16th century, an outstanding biographer of many Italian artists, begins the biography of Sandro Botticelli saying that at the time of Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent, which truly was the golden age for every gifted man, reached his peak the creative work of Alessandro, named between us as Sandro, nicknamed Botticelli. Botticelli was one of the most prominent figures of the blessed era associated with the name of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Like most of the titans of the Renaissance he was of humble origin. His success was in his energy, will, intelligence and talent. All this plus rare charm and tact helped the son of a tanner to enter the very select circle of cultural and artistic elite of Europe. He was born in Florence in 1445. His real name was Alessandr o Filipepi. He was the youngest of four sons of Mariano Filipepi and his wife Esmeralda. The first mention of Alessandro, as well as of the other Florentine artists, we find in the â€Å"portate al Catasto†- a kind of register of incomes for taxation which was kept in accordance with the decree of the Republic. So, in 1458, Mariano Filipepi stated that he had four sons - Giovanni, Antonio, Simon and thirteen years old Sandro and added that Sandro was learning to read and the boy was sickly. Jewelry became the turning point in the development of the young Botticelli. Alessandro was sent by his father, tired of his extravagant restless mind, to learn the skill of jewelry. According to Vasari, there was a close relationship between jewelers and painters at that time. To work in a workshop of the first meant to get direct access to the craft of the latter. Sandro became skilled in drawing, which was necessary for accurate and confident black finish. Soon he became interested in p ainting and decided to devote his life to it. He never forgets the valuable lessons of jewelry - precision in drawing of contour lines and skillful use of gold (he often uses it as an additive for paint or for the background, in pure form). In 1464 Sandro joined the school of the excellent painter, Fra Filippo Lippi, the Carmelite, from the Monastery of Santa Maria del Carmine. Lippi’s workshop was then in Prato, where the artist worked until 1466 on the frescoes of the Cathedral. In 1465 Filippo painted his Madonna and Child Enthroned with Two Angels. It became the indisputable pattern of composition and style for many early works by Botticelli, like Madonna and Child with an Angel and Madonna della Loggia. Even the earliest works by Sandro are distinguished by a special, almost imperceptible, atmosphere of spirituality and poetry of images - for  Botticelli  painting tended towards the poetic not simply because of its lyrical

Human Resources Management, Management in Organisations Essay

Human Resources Management, Management in Organisations - Essay Example But, despite new and advanced equipments, machineries or even computer programs, the human component remains a very important factor of production. Kaplan and Norton (2005) argue that it is important to measure other perspectives other than that of the traditional financial perspective but it is important to consider the customer, business process and of course the learning and growth perspectives. In fact, one of key importance of the learning and growth perspective is that it is supposed to prepare the company’s manpower to handle the new business processes that may result from the new, technologically advanced machines and equipments. II. Main Body Strategic Human Resource Management: The Demand The technical revolution has also brought in a new breed of workers that has been called the knowledge workers. These has brood has drastically changed the way things are done wherein even office hours and barriers have also been technically demolished. These knowledge workers are a lso not easy to retain. The problem is, when they leave, their contribution goes away with them. However, to succeed or maintain competitive advantages, companies are recognising the importance of these knowledge workers to ensure the success of their strategies (Serrat 2008; ADB 2010). Hence, management of human resources has been catapulted to assume a more proactive role in the inception of company strategies. Financial and marketing strategies will always be considered in the company’s strategic plans as well as that of the operations. However, the end of the industrial age and the beginning of the information age demands that human resources step up to ensure that whatever strategies the firm may propose across the functional areas, these will be properly implemented to ensure organizational success. Likewise, there is the challenge of different cultures brought about by globalization. As such, companies must be able to make human resources truly strategic to adapt to th e demands of the business reality being faced by companies worldwide. Globalization: A growing Strategic HR concern Globalization has also been a big part as companies outsourced most of their operations, not to states but on the other parts of the globe. This is also a good thing though since the worldwide operation of businesses has weeded out low performing firms giving way to a more competitive business environment (Khatri & Nanyang 2000). These are very good for the customers since competition increases the quality of products and services that they receive. This has jacked up costs for the companies though as they push themselves to become better and avoid being boxed out not only by domestic but foreign competitors as well. This is the reality that must be faced by any company operating globally. Usually, companies open up operations mostly plant facilities to save on logistics by being closer to their customers. However, the companies are also increasing their back office op erations outside their country’s borders. This has proven to be a very important strategy since the outsourcing move has dramatically driven down manpower costs for most companies. The problem is that these personnel from different countries come with different cultures and to succeed, it is important that companies be made aware that these employees are not just a simple static part of their production

World Class Operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Class Operation - Essay Example According to the report findings the main role of benchmarking is to provide the management with the necessary information and knowledge of what composes the best performance in a certain field. Superior performance is mainly connected to output, efficiency, quality and other parameters that are related to performing a certain job. Therefore, benchmark not only investigates the best practices to improve the performance in the organization but the ways to achieve this performance. As a result, benchmarking is not a process of understanding the measurements but understanding the conditions necessary to achieve the desired results, the necessary results, and competency required in order to achieve top performance in the organization. As the research declares benchmarking has an important role of enhancing transparency in the organization. This is through enabling the organization to scrap off different aspects that hinder the flow of information from one department to the other. Through information sharing, the organization is able to understand the best practices to put in place in order to improve service delivery to the customers. The level of transparency and accountability within the organization is enhanced tremendously. The purpose of benchmarking is to enable the organization to develop realistic goals and strategies that will improve the performance of the organization. Benchmarking has an important purpose of providing the organization with a sense of urgency for improvement.

How to be a good accountant in the future Essay

How to be a good accountant in the future - Essay Example To investigate and come up with clear responses of professional accountants, in various work settings. Background Recently, many things have developed relating to bookkeepers and their job. Many companies have lost money in unclear circumstances and this has caused many companies to lose trust in many accountants. However, it is unclear whether the mistakes and problems that many companies face emanate from the errors and unethical behaviors of accountants. For this reasons, it good to find out what makes or breaks an accounting reputation. Approach or method This research will employ the use of questionnaires, samples survey as sources of information concerning the ethical standards of accountants. This will answer the questions concerning their future accounting profession improvement. The proposed literature The proposed literature will base on the factors behind a good accounting job and the negatives associated with it; it will give the significance of the investigation to the u pcoming of bookkeeping professionals. The Gantt chart Gantt chart Task Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April Research proposal Poster creation Literature review Data collection Analysis of Results Presentation of the results Introduction Studies indicate that, many organizations in recent times face scandalous financial situations. These incidences have been associated with accountants who work as employees in various business organizations in different settings in the world. Several businesses have lost cash in the course and the reason of the basis of the problem is uncertain, which has stained the reputation of several businesses. As a result, big and small companies are losing out in terms of business performance and profit making. The blunders leading to the deprived performance are alleged to be caused bookkeeping specialists. In some cases, the mistakes have been associated with the management as a whole; this is because the organization is involved in the decisions that influ ence the working of the auditors. In either way, what the accountants do affects the management and in reverse, the decisions made by the management influences accounting behaviors. This means that there are a number of issues revolving around the same issue of why many organizations have lost trust in accountants as professionals. For this reason, there is need to carry out an extensive research on the issues surrounding accounting as a field of professionalism. Before looking at that, here are some important facts about accounting; this will form the footing about bookkeeping and certified public auditor in particular. According to studies, it is through accounting that a mechanism that provides data, which is a crucial concerning the financial status of an organization in relation to business matters. The information found through this way is essential for investors because it gives critical details, which could be used as the determining factors in line with the decisions the in vestors have to make before investing. It may also help in determining whether the investors could opt not to invest in the organization, as the financial information may not be appealing to them. This will be viewed in terms of return on investments that the organization may receive after the investments. Regarding a good image of a corporate, moral or ethical and expert bookkeeping, comprises a clear image of a corporate financially. This forms the basis on which company managers are set to make informed decisions and shape the

Process Improvement Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Process Improvement Plan - Essay Example First process identified is going to sterile processing department. Second Process identified is taking instruments set for service. Third process identified is sharpening and repairing surgical instruments. Among the three processes, two of which can be measured. Instruments set for service can be measured for their quality, sharpness and usability. Sharpened and repaired surgical instruments can also be measured for their quality, sharpness and usability. Quality and usability are attribute characteristics of instruments that are intangible. The measurement of both characteristics can be a count of the number of defects. On the other hand, sharpness is a characteristic of the instrument that can be measured using a specialized instrument such as a micrometer. A statistical process control can be employed in order to measure the sharpness of a surgical instrument. Statistical process control or SPC is a technique for error prevention rather than error detection. The goals of SPC are to improve quality, reduce cost, increase profit and enhance competitive advantage. Steps taken to improve a process will result in fewer defects and better quality products delivered to the customer. Application of SPC can produce improvements in yield, reduce cost and increase efficiency. It can also create a high degree of visibility of process performance and can be used to determine process capabilities. Measurements will provide a comparison of performance to target objectives and assess the effectiveness of process improvements. SPC is statistically based and built around the concept that variation in a product is always present. Inherent variations occur due to wear of tools, material hardness, machine accuracy, and operator skills. In order to control the process and reduce variations, the cause must be identified through a collection of data. Mathematical distributions characterize the collected data and predict the overall performance. Variations that are outside of the desired process distribution can be corrected by improving the process directly. Three statistical tools shall be used to determine that the process is in control and follows a normal distribution curve. These tools include control charts, histograms, and mathematical analysis tests. Control charts are used to identify assignable causes of variations. A histogram is a graphic representation of a frequency distribution. Control charts for variable data will be created for quantitative measurements of sharpness of surgical instruments. Control charts for attribute data will be created for qualitative measurements or counts of defects. The average value () chart and the range (R) chart will be utilized as form of control charts in tracking and identifying the causes and variations. In making the control chart, the centerline and control limits are determined and drawn on the chart. The centerline is the average of the mean values. The purpose of the control limits on the chart is to indicate if the process is under control. It means that all are within the estimated 3 limits of the process. An upper control limit for control chart for attributes is UCL = + 1.96 x standard deviation, while the lower control limit is LCL = - 1.96 x standard deviation, where is the total number of defects divided by the number of observations. Standard deviation is defined as S = An upper control l

The (Feasibility)pratical of Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Essay

The (Feasibility)pratical of Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Delivery of Parcels - Essay Example the feasibility of the use of UAVs will help companies such DHL, UPS and FedEx as that specialize in service delivery reduce the cost of operation and consumer charges eventually bringing in efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, the present tech-savvy society will be able to straightforwardly manage their parcel delivery time thus giving them more intuition. This report uses the qualitative technique where various literatures including journals, research articles, books and papers shall be referenced. Secondary sources will help in determining the drone’s pragmatism, acquiescence, and security. Due to time constraint and data inadequacy, this study shall not delve into the relationship between UAVs and technology or how technology impacts on parcel delivery. However, it hopes to efficaciously answer the questions within the stipulated scope, and recommend what parcel delivery companies should

Overseas Volunteer Essay Example for Free

Overseas Volunteer Essay The summer of 1996 was a time of great change for me as an individual. This was the summer that I was fortunate enough to get to spend six weeks as part of a traveling abroad program. These six weeks changed the way I viewed different places, people and cultures. I was lucky enough to experience many different things in many different places. I met many people from interesting cultural backgrounds and learned a lot from them. These six weeks prepared me for many new experiences in life. While traveling, I stayed with different families who were kind enough to take me in. Living with people who had different cultures and sometimes even different languages was a challenge for me since I had never even been out of the United States before this trip. I got to learn how to adapt to new situations by finding inventive ways to communicate with other humans. This was invaluable to me because it forced me to really pay attention to other people and learn about their cultural values through observation. This is a skill that has stayed with me. I have learned to slow down and really listen and observe in order to learn new things and gain new perspective. I was also able to visit many historic sites, landmarks and museums during my travels that I had only read about in books. I was able to apply a picture in a book to the real setting and this was an incredible experience. In these visits I was also able to learn a great deal about the culture in which I had immersed myself. This allowed me a deeper understanding of the people around me. These visits also told me about the rich histories of different groups of people and how they shaped the culture as it is today. In addition, I was able to try new and different foods which only added to my cultural experiences. At the same time, as I was experiencing new cultures I was also able to reflect on my own culture and the importance that it holds in my life. My travels have helped shaped the person I am today. I was forced to learn patience as I was immersed in cultures with different values and languages. I learned how to be creative in finding ways to communicate respectfully. I built my self confidence as I began to realize how capable I was of learning about different cultures in ways other than reading books. I got the opportunity to meet interesting people who helped me understand different ways of life and apply those to my own life. I learned how to be flexible in adapting to new ways of doing things, new ways of communicating and even new ways of eating. I experienced a great deal of personal growth in these travels that will prove invaluable to me in my future accomplishments. Changing lives is a great experience. This sentence sums up why I would like to be a Peace Corps Volunteer. I have a deep desire to change the world by changing the lives of people less fortunate than me. I have been fortunate enough to have access to a high quality education. I have always enjoyed learning and experiencing new things and I would like to pass that on to other people. My college education was only a starting point in my life long learning endeavors. I have a passion for knowledge that has allowed me to reach a point in my life where I wish to give 27 months serving as a volunteer and enriching the lives of people around the world. Habitat for Humanity has given me valuable life skills but more importantly gave me the opportunity to help people less fortunate than me. I have been able to build homes for people and at the same time learn about their individual lives. I have taken my passion for helping others and in the process began to realize how one person can make a great difference. I can be that one person that takes the initiative to make small changes that will eventually lead to big changes. I desire to take this realization and travel the world helping others through small changes. Four years in the workforce has also given me valuable experiences that will enable me to be an effective volunteer. Through working, I have gained leadership skills that will serve me well when working with a team of other volunteers. These leadership skills will help me work cooperatively to make positive changes in the world. I have also gained a clear understanding of globalization outside of the United States and I wish to build on that knowledge through my volunteer work and opportunities I wouldn’t be able to have if I continued working in the corporate world. Working as a volunteer will provide me with international experience and new insights about the world around me. I can learn new values and perspectives that will make me a more well rounded and empathetic person. I will gain new understandings of different people and cultures and be able to apply some of that to how I live my own life. At the same time, I will have a great responsibility to show others my values and teach them new and exciting things about my own culture. Twenty-seven months is a short time in my life but those months will mean big changes in my life that will last long after my time serving as a volunteer is over. My life would be greatly enriched by helping others through small changes. I look forward to the chance to start making small changes right away and watching those small changes turn into big changes that have positive impacts on people around the world.

Should Primary Education In Ethiopia Be Compulsory Education Essay

Should Primary Education In Ethiopia Be Compulsory Education Essay Most children living in main towns and cities in Ethiopia have more access than those living in the rural areas. (Link Ethiopia) These children have a chance to go to primary school, and are now being encouraged by their parents and guardians to attend school throughout. Ethiopia was at civil war for 16 years. After the war, in 1991, education has shown a massive development. In 1994-1995 three million people were in primary school; and by 2008-2009, 15.3 million children got enrolled in primary schools. (One living proof) This is an increase of over 500% (One living proof). Statistics have also shown that approximately 1 teacher teaches 59 students in primary classes. Elleni Muluneh, a founder member of the Ethiopian Youth Forum, said that without education, a country cannot develop. (UNICEF) The government and other NGOs have identified this problem. One of the Millennium development goals is to move on and make primary education free and compulsory by 2015. (UNICEF) However, one of the core problems facing Ethiopia on Education is that most people in Ethiopia think that work is more important than education, so they start at a very early age with little to no education. (Wikipedia) More and more teenage women today drop out from school to go and work in the Arab countries as servants. Men also drop out from school to work in Arab countries. The men usually go there for being janitors, drivers, or guards. I got a chance to talk to Aisha. She quit school at the age of 15 to go to Libya. She went there hoping for a better future. After 3 years of hard labor, she came back. I asked her, Why did you quit school at the first place? She responded by saying I wanted to get a better and happier life for me and my family. I was amazed by this response. This shows us that these children dont see the need for education. Their parents also dont encourage them to get the education. In fact, it was Aishas Mum that pushed her to go for work. I asked Aisha What does education mean to you? She replied by saying For me, education is knowledge. But it is also a waste of time and money, when you could just go to work and help your family survive! What a discouraging response. Now Aisha is planning to go to Dubai. Her parents are encouraging her to go and work. All they care is for the money their daughter brings. They dont plan for the future of their daughter. Now, this type of silliness could be abolished if primary education was compulsory. People like Aisha could be taught about the need for education. If Aisha continued in her 6th grade, she would have had more knowledge about the needs of education. Does everyone have the right to primary education? This is a really hard question to answer, but I would my answer would be no. This is because the gender inequality there is in most rural parts of Ethiopia. If a child has no access to primary education, then there is no change for him/her to enter into Secondary school. In the Ethiopian governments development plans, the right to womens education is a big issue that is currently being solved. If I could change the education system children in rural areas have, I would modify the disciplinary rule. Children get physically abused by the teachers in most government schools around Ethiopia. I went to Summer School this year and experienced the difficulty children in government school face each school day. The students are very quiet, and dont participate in class discussion because they fear the teacher. I asked my friend, Miki to explain to me why they fear the teacher. He said, We fear the teacher because it is fun for him/her giving us a bruise, even if we talk little. (Miki) Compulsory schooling in Ethiopia is for 6 years. (State University) These are, the 2 Kindergartens, and primary school up to 4 years. I dont believe this is true because I personally know some children that have never been to school. Most of the little boys you see on the street selling gum have never been to school. They just get taught indirectly on how to sell their sweets. Statistics also show that only 52% complete primary school through 5th grade. (SEEDS OF AFRICA FOUNDATION) I went to Abebech Gobena on Saturday. This is an orphanage and school in Addis Ababa. There are lots of orphans living there. They get free education 5 days a week. Although the quality of education these children get are poor, they also get free clothing, food, shelter, and some money to spend every month. There are some schools like this in Ethiopia. These schools are funded by worldwide organizations like, Children Aid, UNICEF, and the United Nations. Some people say, what can I do? I as an individual could help in making primary education in Ethiopia free and compulsory by donating at least an equivalent amount for orphanages and schools. However, we together can make big changes to a lot of orphans lives. If we donate together, the outcome will mean a lot to those who are in need of it. In my opinion a major issue that must be solved in primary schools is that few school supplies are available to each student. All the students in government schools are expected to buy books, paper, pens, and any other school utensils themselves. The school doesnt provide these facilities to its students. Another major problem is the sanitation facilities in most schools around Ethiopia. Most schools dont have clean and hygienic toilets. Water, soap, and toilet seats are a major issue in schools. I say that the government and some NGOs have to spend lots of money in order to resolve these two points I mentioned. Table 1 shows the Primary school enrolment trends in 11 cities in Ethiopia. As we can see, every year, the number of children enrolled in Primary schools has shown a fair rise in number. Table 1: Regional enrolment trends (Ethiopian Ministry Of Education) Graph 1 shows the difference between the percent of Male and Female students enrolled in Primary school. Graph 1: Net Enrollment Ratio and Gender for Primary school (Ethiopian Ministry Of Education) Graph 2 shows the average annual growth rate of primary enrollment in the year 2010/11. It is shocking to see that Addis Ababa and Harar had a downfall in 2010/11. Graph 2: Average annual growth rate of primary enrollment (Ethiopian Ministry Of Education) The local people are also doing their best in order to educate their children. In Amhara Region, communities have contributed a total sum of 57.5 million birr. (Oumer) 17 million birr in cash, 28.7 million birr in form of labor, and 11.8 million birr in local materials. (Oumer) This funding also took place in Oromia, Jimma, and lots of other cities. There are 31 NGOs working with the government of Ethiopia today. (Dutch coalition on disability and development) All these NGOs help the community by improving the basic aspects that are needed for everyday life. Some of the most important necessities are water, shelter, and improved sanitation. Besides these necessities, education is one of the other important aspects that all of these NGOs are working on. 3 of the main NGOs working with the government to improve education are: UNICEF, UNESCO, and Save The Children. So, what I want to say by referring to all these NGOs is that primary education should be fully compulsory in all parts of Ethiopia. This is happening slowly by slowly. One of the millennium development goals in Ethiopia is to make primary education free and compulsory. If children do primary school, then they would have a bigger idea on the needs of education. As I mentioned earlier on, one of the core problems of education in Ethiopia is that the people dont see the need to education. Most farmers in rural places think that helping out the family work during the day is better than going to school. Free primary education could lead to compulsory primary education. The literacy rate of Ethiopia should increase to at least an 87% in the next 5 years. The government of Ethiopia is working hard, with other NGOs to improve the quality of education it is giving to the children. Statistics have proven that, people who earn higher education earn 93 % more than those with a secondary education, who in turn earn 47% more than those with a 5th 8th grade education. (SEEDS OF AFRICA FOUNDATION) This could be equalized if primary education is compulsory. I, as an individual have learnt that a lot is being done to achieve one of the millennium development goals. Lots of NGOs are working with the government to fulfill their goal for an Educated Ethiopia. But, this could be fully fulfilled with our help. We can make a change. We are lucky that we are learning in one of Ethiopians best schools, but we should also think of those poor little girls wasting those useful weekdays by doing hard work. Most females become mums at the age of 15. We, as educated students know the dangers of having babies at these ages, but these poor little girls dont. This is also getting abolished nowadays. So all in all, all that I can say is that Ethiopia is a developing country in terms of its GDP, and also education. Compulsory primary education could lead for a brighter future! And in the next five years, I hope to see a fully educated Ethiopia. Word Count (Excluding Works Cited List and Cover Page): 1,951

Investigation of Subgrade Reaction Coefficient in Sandy Soil

Investigation of Subgrade Reaction Coefficient in Sandy Soil Numerical investigation of subgrade reaction coefficient in sandy soils Adel Asakereh1, Hassan Jamali2*, Masoud mossafa1 1 Civil Department, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Abstract The soil-foundation interaction is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering relating to soil behavior against side loading. Winklers model is the first and simplest method for considering the soil-foundation interaction. Because to determine the coefficient of the subgrade reaction of the soil before designing structure is vitally important, so, experimental, analytical and numerical methods have been proposed. This research chose a ground characteristic that is in Bandar Abbas (Iran). Purpose is to compare the proposed experimental formulae for determining the coefficient of the subgrade reaction with its corresponding values resulting from the behavioral models. Finite element analysis was performed by Plaxis software and important parameters were proposed by the engineers. Results show increasing footing diameter leads to a decrease in the coefficient of the subgrade reaction due to increasing load area which results in increasing settlement. It is found that i ncreasing each of the strength parameters of the soil can be expected to have an effect on increasing the subgrade reaction, although this increase depends on footing diameter. Also in sand soils, the soil cohesion effects on the increase of the subgrade reaction coefficient more than the internal friction angle. Keywords: Elasticity coefficient, Mat foundation, Subgrade reaction coefficient, Bandar Abbas City, Finite element analysis Introduction The application of mat foundations has a long history. This type of foundation has shown a very good performance in transferring construction forces to the ground. Currently in most cases, engineers use a constant value for the subgrade reaction coefficient to analyze the mat flexible foundations. This constant is obtained from geotechnical experiments such as plate loading. Many researchers have studied soil subsidence and the subgrade reaction coefficient using plate loading test [1-9]. Nomenclatures B Diameter of footing (m) Minimum marginal dimension of footing(m) c Cohesion (kPa) d Plate thickness (m) Df Embedment depth of foundation(m) Soil elasticity modulus (kPa) EI Flexural rigidity of footing (kN.m2) EA Axial rigidity of footing (kN.m2) Height of ith layer (m) If , Is, Id Dimensionless coefficients ks Subgrade Reaction Coefficient (kN/m3) m Constant coefficients P Vertical pressure (kPa) Greek Symbols v Poisson ratio Vertical Displacement (m) Angle of friction (Degree) Unit weight (kN/m3) Dry unit weight (kN/m3) The application of a uniform reaction coefficient over all of the foundation means neglecting the conditions of a continuum for the soil and the effects of cut in the soil layers. One of the fundamental issues in designing and calculating the foundations is the problem of soil-foundation interaction. It is very important to study soil behavior against the external loads. Soil behavior depends on many factors such as moisture content, density, particle-forming mineral types, grain size, grain shape, grading curve, current state of the stress, stress history, pore pressure, saturation point, permeability rate, time, and temperature. In order to study the soil-foundation interaction, many researchers have tried to investigate soil behavior against the imposed loadings to find a model for it. The material model is a mathematical relation for describing the stress-strain behaviour of a small element of the environment. As previously mentioned, soil behavior depends on many factors it is extremely difficult to provide a model including the effects of all factors. Thus in solving the problems of soil-foundation interaction, some properties of the soil are usually excluded to provide a simpler model with fewer parameters. Since the soil at a macroscopic scale is considered as a continuum, the simplest possible state we consider the soil as a linear, homogenous and consistent elastic semi-space. In such a case, the soil will have two parameters Poisson coefficient and the elastic modulus. The first and simplest model for investigating the soil and foundation interaction is a model offered by Winkler in 1867 [10]. In this model, the deformation of any point of the soil ground is related to the point stress value and the effect of the stresses and the changes in other points are neglected. In this model, soil is replaced with a set of independent springs with a specific stiffness coefficient. Thus, only one single parameter is considered for the soil, that is, the subgrade reaction coefficient represented by ks. One of the most prominent properties of this model is its discontinuous behavior [9]. The subgrade modulus is not a fundamental soil property and its magnitude depends on many factors including the shape of the foundation, the stiffness of the foundation slab, the shape of the loading on the foundation, the depth of the loaded area below the ground surface, and the time. As such, it is not constant for a given type of soil, making the estimation of a single general value for design a challenging task [11]. Consequently, researchers have suggested several ways to determine this parameter and several formulae have been offered for determining ks. Many researchers have worked on the calculation of subgrade reaction coefficient. Ismail [12] studied the applications of the artificial neural networks (ANN) and the simple-multiple regression analysis to predict the deformation modulus and the coefficient of the subgrade reaction of the compacted soils from the compaction parameters (such as maximum dry density (MDD) optimum moisture content (OMC), field dry density (FDD), and field moisture content (FMC)). Ding [13] compared four typical methods for determining the coefficient of the subgrade reaction including the test method, Lis method, MIDAS method, and finite element method. He showed that the test method is the one preferred by the designers, that the tangential coefficient should be in a range of one to two-third of the normal coefficient. The internal force of subway structures can be obtained by the test method and modified by a correction factor that is 1.05. Barmenkova et al. [14] carried out calculations of plates on a n elastic basis with variable and constant coefficients of subgrade reaction. In this paper, the calculation of plates bending was carried out by the finite element method. The results were compared for different models of plates on an elastic basis. For a two-layer plate on an elastic basis, which had heterogeneity in the plan, the results of calculation took into account the increase of the height of the upper structure. Kobayashi et al. [15] calculated the subgrade reaction coefficient for a foundation soil in an open pier using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on measurements taken during in situ horizontal loading tests on a pile. The numerical results would provide useful information for the future design of open piers and their foundations. Liao [16] reviewed the limitations of various simple and complex methods available for estimating the coefficient of subgrade reaction k, and developed a new method using the results of the plane strain finite element analyses of a loaded beam or slab resting on the surface of a homogeneous elastic soil layer. Although many studies have been carried out on determining the subgrade reaction coefficient, the dependence on many parameters leads to further parametric studies. Experimental and theoretical formulas for determining ks are based on available data from limited sites with some assumptions, so it is possible for them not to have sufficient precision in all areas. Therefore, determining the subgrade reaction coefficient in specific areas such as Bandar Abbas city and assessment of the effective parameters on subgrade reaction coefficient is vital. Besides, the Increasing in footing width, increases effective depth. Therefore, determination of ks in footing with more width is more complex especially in layered soil, because ks obtained from plate load test is different from ks under real loading of structure. Thus investigation of the footing width and the strength parameters of the soil on ks is needed. Performing plate load tests with large diameters is expensive and difficult, thus the present study uses finite element software of Plaxis to investigate the effect of the aforementioned parameters. Parametric studies on subgrade reaction coefficient of sand soil in Bandar Abbas city are few, so this paper uses geotechnical data of a site in Bandar Abbas city (Iran) to determine subgrade reaction coefficient by using of theoretical, experimental relations and numerical methods. Besides, the effects of the strength parameters (c,) and B on subgrade reaction coefficient are investigated too. This study is carried out by using and verifying numerical methods and ensuring the accuracy of the software. Numerical analysis has been done by finite element method using Plaxis software [17]. Analytical methods of subgrades reaction coefficient In order to obtain ks, one can generally apply plate loading, consolidation, triaxial, and CBR tests and experimental and theoretic relations provided by researchers [18]. Among them, plate loading testing and the experimental method are considered the most common methods. In this paper, experimental and theoretic methods are considered. There are several relations including Vesic [19], Biot [20], and Bowles [6] as well as relations resulting from elastic theory from elasticity theory to determine subgrade reaction coefficient. Biot [20] solved the problem of an infinite beam on a linear elastic subgrade and provided Eq. (1) for subgrade reaction coefficient. (1) Vesic [19] developed Biots work [20] and suggested Eq. (2) for the relation between ks and elastic characteristic of soil: (2) He also showed the difference between Winkler method and continuum does not exceed 10 percent. Bowles [6] showed the numerical value of in ordinary condition may be approximated by 1, and in most cases subgrade reaction coefficient is obtained by Eq. (3): (3) Using elasticity theory is another way to approximate ks. By reformulating the elastic subsidence in rectangular foundation, we obtain the following [21]: (4) These values are determined based on tables in the elastic subsidence section of basic soil mechanic references. m is the coefficient which is equal to 1, 2 and 4 for corner, edge, and center, respectively. ks is calculated in corners assuming m = 1 from Eq. (4) and it is multiplied by 0.5 to obtain k edges or by 0.25 to obtain ks centers. According to the above discussion, it can be seen that there are several formulae to determine soil subgrade reaction coefficient. General and geotechnical properties of the soil The site of the residential- mercantile building is located to the west part of Bandar Abbas city in Iran (Fig. 1) with seven floors over the ground floor (parking lot). The depth of the foundation settlement is equal to the height of the foundation as 1 meter and no groundwater grade was observed until the end of the excavation depth. In order to identify the underground layers, five boreholes were excavated (three 15-meter boreholes and two 20-meter boreholes) using a rotary drilling machine. During soil boring, some samples were extracted for laboratory experiments. After completion of the field operation, the extracted samples were tested for grading, Atterberg limits, moisture content of the natural soil, and direct shear test. The studies on the layers of the site soil show the soil type in the foundation subgrade is mainly silty sand (SM) from the ground level down to the depth of 8 meters, and the soil type is bad-grained sand (SP) from the depth of 8 meters downwards. Fig. 1. Location of Bandar Abbas city. Considering the field and laboratory experiments in order to determine the scale of soil subsidence and the bearing capacity of the site soil, the required parameters were selected from the five excavated boreholes as shown in Table 1. The data of the samplings is available down to 20 meters deep. The soil type was given down to the depth of the foundation effect (around 30m). Moreover, the soil weight at the 20 to 30 m depth (layer 11) has considered as being constant. Table 1. Soil properties of the site No. of Layers Dep. (m) Soil Type SPT (Ncor.) à Ã¢â‚¬ ° (%) c (kPa) à Ã¢â‚¬   (ËÅ ¡) ÃŽÂ ³ (kN/m3) ÃŽÂ ³d(kN/m3) 1 0-2 SM 21 4.1 0 29 17 16.3 2 2-4 SM 17 16.6 0 29.1 18.6 16.23 3 4-6 SM 24 14.9 0 28.8 18.6 16.18 4 6-8 SM 33 15.2 0 30.4 18.9 16.4 5 8-10 SP 38 23.7 0 32.4 20.1 16.24 6 10-12 SP 39 18.1 0 31.2 19.4 16.42 7 12-14 SP 47 24.2 0 31.2 20.6 16.58 8 14-16 SP 50 19.8 0 30 20 16.69 9 16-18 SP 50 19.2 0 32 20 16.77 10 18-20 SP 50 18.8 0 32 20 16.83 11 20-30 SP 50 18.8 0 32 20 16.83 Equations (5) and (6) were used to determine the elasticity modulus of the soil [6]: (5) For unsaturated sands, and (6) For saturated sands. Thus, the elasticity modulus for each of the soil layers is calculated based on the above formulae and the results are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Elasticity modulus of the soil layers No. of Layers SPT (Ncor.) Es (kPa)-dry 1 21 18000 2 17 16000 3 24 19500 4 33 24000 5 38 26500 6 39 27000 7 47 31000 8 50 32500 9 50 32500 10 50 32500 11 50 32500 Numerical analysis procedure First, the results of Brian Anderson et al. [22] were analyzed with Plaxis to verify the software. Brian Anderson et al. [22] performed in situ testing and numerical investigation for predicting settlement of shallow foundations. Accordingly, a 1.8 m diameter concrete footing was statically load tested. Prior to construction, in situ standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration testing (CPT), dilatometer (DMT), and pressuremeter (PMT) and laboratory tests were performed to determine engineering properties of the soil. A reinforced circular 1.8 m diameter 0.6 m thick concrete footing was constructed using a corrugated pipe coupler as a form. To overcome a thin hard layer surface crust, the footing was embedded 0.6 m into the ground. The groundwater table was at 1.7 m from the ground surface, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Static load was 222 kPa. Due to the symmetry, half of footing with the width of 0.5 B is modeled asymmetrically. Avoiding boundary effects, a 6.5ÃÆ'-5 m model was s elected. The model depth was taken as 6.5 m, that is approximately equal to 4B=6.8 m and the width of the model was taken as 5 m, that is approximately equal to 3B [23] . Results proved that the displacement did not reach the boundaries in the analysis. To investigate the mesh dependency, a number of trial analyses were conducted through the verification study. The model included 1971 nodes and 235 elements. The boundary lines were defined as the limited deformation in horizontal direction and free deformation in vertical direction, and limited deformations both in horizontal and vertical directions at the lower boundary as showed in Fig. 3. Trial analyses proved that with specified dimension and meshing, errors would be negligible. In order to do the modeling with finite element method, the 15-node triangular element was used according to Fig. 4. Table 3 presents the input parameters used for the FEM analyses. Figure 5 presents applied stress-settlement diagram obtained from Plaxis in this study and reference to a point located under plate. There was a negligible difference between two diagrams, so Plaxis was suitable for analysis. Fig. 2. Geometry and mesh of the verification model.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fig. 3. Soil-footing profile of verification model [22]. Fig. 4. 15-node triangular element. Table 3. Soil properties used in verification according to [22]. Bottom(m) (kN/m3) (deg) E(Mpa) c(kPa) 1.64 18.9 31.4 14.5 0 2.5 17.3 30.1 12.5 0 3.17 15.7 28.6 10.50 0 6.5 14.2 27.1 8.5 0 Fig. 5. Applied stress-settlement diagram. After software verification, the model was developed for determining the subgrade reaction coefficient of Bandar Abbas city and parametric study. In the created model (which included 2011 nodes and 256 elements), the loading was uniform and, a rigid foundation was considered in all phases of analysis. Model depth should be greater than 4B and model width greater than 3B for different diameters. Since it was intended to study the effect of foundation diameter on determining the value of subgrade reaction coefficient, an asymmetric model was used in the software for soil modeling. The relevant parameters of the general properties (wet and dry specific weight) and the relevant parameters of the soil resistance (c,) for all soil layers were derived from Table 1. Considering the results of the experiments and researches and the reliability of the developed numerical model with the results, and considering the soil type of the site (sand soil), Mohr-Coulomb behavioral model for the soil wa s used in this research. Since in Mohr-Coulomb behavioral model the stress-strain relation is fulfilled directly by the soil elasticity coefficient, thus in entering the data of the soil elasticity coefficient as one of the input parameters, the data of Table 2 were used. The values of the dilation angle in all layers were assumed to be 0. Considering the properties of the building in this project and the scale of the imposed loading (dead and live load), the value of the imposed pressure on the soil was assumed to be 120 kN/m2 where the plate element (with the concrete foundation properties) was used to transfer this load to the modeled soil. Among the most important properties of the element, it could be referred to its flexural hardness (EI) and its axis hardness (EA). These two parameters can be used to obtain the plate thickness that is the representative of the foundation thickness in this case. Considering the constant thickness of the foundation by 1 meter in this research, different values would be obtained for EI and EA in different models according to the Eqs. (7) and (8) [24]. Since the modeling was done with asymmetric method, thus half of the diameter of the real foundation was modeled, and the modeling was done in direction of x-axis, three times more than the foundations diameter (3B), and in the direction of y-axis equal to the number of the layers mentioned in Table 1. Moreover, Table 4 shows the parameters needed for determining the plate input parameters into Plaxis software. d=  ½ deq (7) (8) Fig. 6. Geometry of the model. Table 4. Plate parameters EI (kNm2/m) EA (kN/m) E (kPa) Df(m) Var. Var. 2.5ÃÆ'-107 1 Results and discussion Seven models were developed for different values of foundation diameter (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 m). Then, they were analyzed by finite element method using Plaxis. Because of axis plain strain in Plaxis, foundation is considered as a strip with B/2 of diameter and 1 m, orthogonal to the plane as shown in Fig. 6. Amount of vertical displacement in center and below of the foundation (sections are in center and 1 meter below the above subgrade of soil model) is obtained according to the load determined by the construction analysis (120 kN/m2). The soil subgrade reaction coefficient is calculated by Eq. (9) for any values of foundation diameter [25]: (9)

The Quakers and Arts in Utopian Societies :: Essays Papers

The Quakers and Arts in Utopian Societies Today, we can still find many examples of past utopias. A utopia is an ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, moral and legal aspects.1 They do not approve of any actions that are superficial and unnecessary. In addition to these beliefs, people from utopian societies are strong believers in God. Sharing many of these same ideals, the Quakers are a group with a strong faith. Despite the fact that Quakers feel art is a luxury and a frivolous thing that they should not take part in, many great artists and writers are members of the Quaker society. George Fox founded the Quakers also known as the Society of Friends in 1650. This was a time of religious turmoil in England due to people searching for an uncorrupted version of Christianity. For their form of religion, the Quakers relied primarily on spiritual searching done by individual members, congregations and meetings. The Quakers were mainly involved in humanitarian work, seeing the good in everything. They sought to practice total Christianity, with their main opposition toward slavery. During the civil war, "the Quakers took the lead in the abolitionist movement and in running the Underground Railroad, which aided runaway slaves."2 In 1671, William Penn, a leader of the group, worked solely on expanding the Quakers and joining them with other groups.3 Fox developed the idea of "Inner Light". This is found within each person, and is a divine inspiration that brings joy and an enlightened conscience. It is God’s spirit found in every human soul. Fox felt that "following the inward light would lead to spiritual development and towards individual perfection." He taught the members to worship in silence and people only spoke when they felt moved by the Holy Spirit when they were in their meetings. George Fox promoted simple living; he was against alcohol, holidays, sports, theater, and jewelry. They thought of themselves as friends of Jesus and later, the Quakers also became known as the Society of Friends.4 The Quakers have been associated with the color gray, or drab, because of the simple living that they remain faithful to. Drab is a color that is a mixture of yellow and gray, or a dull light brown. The Friends found colors to be a distraction, using gray to avoid the excitement that was looked down upon. This was also used to keep the divine inspiration within themselves.

Charles Babbage :: essays research papers

Charles Babbage Charles Babbage may have spent his life in vain, trying to make a machine considered by most of his friends to be ridiculous. 150 years ago, Babbage drew hundreds of drawings projecting the fundamentals on which today's computers are founded. But the technology was not there to meet his dreams. He was born on December 26, 1791, in Totnes, Devonshire, England. As a child he was always interested about the mechanics of everything and in the supernatural. He reportedly once tried to prove the existence of the devil by making a circle in his own blood on the floor and reciting the Lord's Prayer backward. In college, he formed a ghost club dedicated to verifying the existence of the supernatural. When in Trinity College in Cambridge, Charles carried out childish pranks and rebelled because of the boredom he felt from knowing more than his instructors. Despite this, however, he was on his way to understanding the advanced theories of mathematics and even formed an Analytical Society to present and discuss original papers on mathematics and to interest people in translating the works of several foreign mathematicians into English. His studies also led him to a critical study of logarithmic tables and was constantly reporting errors in them. During this analysis, it occurred to him that all these tables could be calculated by machinery. He was convinced that it was possible to construct a machine that would be able to compute by successive differences and to even print out the results. (He conceived of this 50 years before type-setting machines or typewriters were invented.) In 1814, the age of 23, Charles married 22-year-old Georgina Whitmore. Georgina would have eight children in thirteen years, of which only three sons would survive to maturity. Babbage really took no interest in raising his children. After Georgina died at the age of 35, his mother took over the upbringing. In 1816, Babbage had his first taste of failure when his application for the professorship of mathematics at East India College in Haileybury was rejected due to political reasons, as was his application, three years later, for the chair of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. Fortunately, his elder brother supported his family while Babbage continued his work on calculating machines. At the age of 30, Babbage was ready to announce to the Royal Astronomical Society that he had embarked on the construction of a table-calculating machine. His paper, "Observations on the Application of Machinery to the Computation of Mathematical Tables" was widely acclaimed and consequently, Babbage was presented with the first gold medal awarded by the Astronomical Society.

National Culture Essay

National culture is the value system and pride associated with a nation. Many people deny their national culture when they move to a new location, and embrace the national culture of their new home. Characteristics of culture As one might expect, all cultures must share several characteristics if ‘’culture’’ is to be differentiated from other forms of behavior. These similarities between all cultures are surprisingly few. The ultimate goal of cultural anthropology is to determine which characteristics all cultures share in common. Society Firstly, all culture must take place through a medium of a group of people, known as a society. Even extinct or imagined cultures have societies to transmit the culture. As culture cannot exist without culture. Other animals, such as bees or ants, congregate into societies, yet these animals do not exhibit it culture. Yet no human society is without culture. The functionalist school of anthropological thought attempts to explain why culture is so vital to human societies. Culture of Bangladesh The culture of Bangladesh has a unique history, dating back more than 2500 years ago.The land, the rivers and the lives of the common people formed a rich heritage with marked differences from neighboring region. The culture of Bangladesh is composite, and over centuries has assimilated influences of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Islam. It is manifested in various forms, including music, dance and drama, art and craft; folklores and folktales; languages and literature, philosophy and religion. Music, dance and drama Music and dance style of Bangladesh may be divided into three categories, namely, the classical, folk and the modern. The classical style has been influenced by other prevalent classical forms of music and dance of the Indian subcontinent and accordingly shows some influences dance forms like bharata natyam and kuchipudi.The folk and tribal music and dance of Bangladesh are of indigenous origin and rooted to the soil of Bangladesh. Several dancing style in the north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent,  like Manipuri and santal dances, are also practiced in Bangladesh, but Bangladesh has developed its own distinct dancing style. Bangladesh has a rich tradition folk songs, with lyrics rooted into vibrant tradition and spirituality, mysticism and devotion. Such folk songs also revole round several and other themes, including love themes. Drama remains popular in Bangladesh, including performances of playes bye local playwrights as well as adaptations from writers of western origi n. Jatra, that is folk drama is also a part of culture of Bangladesh . Pohela Boishakh Pohela Baishakh celebration in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pà ´hela Boishakh is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is usually celebrated on the 14th of April. Pohela Boishakh marks the start day of the crop season. Usually on Pà ´hela Boishakh, the home is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned; people bathe early in the morning and dress in fine clothes. They spend much of the day visiting relatives, friends, and neighbours and going to the fair. Fairs are arranged in many parts of the country where various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers, dancers and traditional plays and songs. Horse races, bull races, bullfights, cockfights, flying pigeons, and boat racingwere once popular. All gatherings and fairs consist a wide spread of Bengali food and sweets. The most colourful New Year’s Day festival takes place in Dhaka. Large numbers of people gather early in the morning under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat artists open the day with Rabindranath Tagore’s famous song, Esho, he Boishakh, Esho esho (Come, year, come, come). A similar ceremony welcoming the new year is also held at the Institute of Fine Arts (Dhaka) and University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute take out a colourful procession and parade to round the campus. Social and cultural organisations celebrate the day with cultural programmes. Newspapers bring out special supplements. There are also special programmes on radio and television. Prior to this day, special discounts on clothes, furniture, electronics and various deals and shopping discounts are available. Special line of sarees, usually cotton, white sarees with red print and embroidery is sold before this day as everyone dresses up for this day. Jasmine flowers are also a huge sale for this event  which adorns the women’s hair. Background In 1952, the emerging middle classes of East Bengal underwent an uprising known later as the Bangla Language Movement. Bangladeshis (then East Pakistanis) were initially agitated by a decision by the Central Pakistan Government to establish Urdu, a minority language spoken only by the supposed elite class of West Pakistan, as the sole national language for all of Pakistan. The situation was worsened by an open declaration that â€Å"Urdu and only Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan† by the governor, Khawaja Nazimuddin. Protest Police declared Section 144 which banned any sort of meeting. Defying this, the students of University of Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College and other political activists started a procession on February 21, 1952. Near the current Dhaka Medical College Hospital, police fired on the protesters and numerous people, including Abdus Salam, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Sofiur Rahman, Abul Barkat and Abdul Jabbar, died. The movement spread to the whole of East Pakistan and the whole province came to a standstill. Afterwards, the Government of Pakistan relented and gave Bengali equal status as a national language. Effects This movement is thought to have sown the seeds for the independence movement which resulted in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. Commemoration To commemorate this movement, Shaheed Minar a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre. The day is revered in Bangladesh and, to a somewhat lesser extent, in West Bengal as the Martyrs’ Day. This day is the public holiday in Bangladesh. UNESCO decided to observe 21 February as International Mother Language Day. The UNESCO General Conference took a decision to that took effect on 17 November 1999 when it unanimously adopted a draft resolution submitted by Bangladesh and co-sponsored and supported by 28 other countries. In Assam and North-east India In Silchar, India, eleven people were killed by police firing on 19 May 1961 when protesting legislation that mandated the use of the Assamese language.[1] Bengalis in Assam and north-east India observe 19 May as Language Movement Day to remember the 11 Bengalis who were killed on the day by police fire in Silchar Railway Station. Weddings A bride for Turmeric ceremony A traditional wedding is arranged by Ghotoks (matchmakers), who are typically friends or relatives of the couple. The matchmakers facilitate the introduction, and also help agree the amount of any settlement. Bengali weddings are traditionally in five parts: first it is the bride and groom’sMehendi Shondha, the bride’s Gaye Holud, the groom’s Gaye Holud, the Beeya, and the Bou Bhaat. These often take place on separate days. The first event in a wedding is an informal one: the groom presents the bride with a ring marking the â€Å"engagement† which is gaining popularity. For themehendi shondha the bride’s side apply henna to each other as well as the bride for the bride’s Gaye Holud, the groom’s family – except the groom himself – go in procession to the bride’s home. Bride’s friends and family apply turmeric paste to her body as a part of Gaye Hoof bride, and they are traditionally all in matching clothes, m ostly orange in colour. The bride is seated on a dais, and the henna is used to decorate the bride’s hands and feet with elaborate abstract designs. The sweets are then fed to the bride by all involved, piece by piece. The actual wedding ceremony â€Å"Biye† follows the Gaye Holud ceremonies. The wedding ceremony is arranged by the bride’s family. On the day, the younger members of the bride’s family barricade the entrance to the venue, and demand a sort of admission charge from the groom in return for allowing him to enter. The bride and groom are seated separately, and a Kazi (authorized person by the govt. to perform the wedding), accompanied by the parents and a Wakil (witness) from each side formally asks the bride for her consent to the union, and then the groom for his. The bride’s side of the family tries to play some kind of practical joke on the groom such as stealing the groom’s shoe. The reception, also known as Bou-Bhaat (reception), is a party given by the groom’s family in return for the wedding party. It is typically a much more relaxed affair, with only the second-best wedding outfit being worn. Relatives decorating the groom with traditional wedding turmeric in a Bangladeshi Gaye Holud ceremony in Dhaka. Architecture and heritage Bangladesh has appealing architecture from historic treasures to contemporary landmarks. Jatiyo Smriti Soudho, a tribute to liberation war martyrs is also an architectural landmark Sports A cricket match between Bangladesh &India at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium inDhaka, Bangladesh Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, followed by football. Kabaddi is the national sport in Bangladesh. Cricket is a game which has a massive and passionate following in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has joined the elite group of countries eligible to play Test Cricket since 2000. TheBangladesh national cricket team goes by the nickname of the Tigers – after the Royal Bengal Tiger. The people of Bangladesh enjoy watching live sports. Whenever there is a cricket or football match between popular local teams or international teams in any local stadium significant number of spectators gather to watch the match live. The people also celebrate major victories of the national teams with great enthusiasm for the live game. Victory processions are the most common element in such celebrations. A former prime minister even made an appearance after an Internationalone day cricket match in which Bangladesh beat Australia, she came to congratulate the victory. Also in late 2006 and 2007, football legend Zinedine Zidane paid a visit to local teams and various events thanks to the invite of Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Muhammad Yunus. Religion Festivals and celebrations are an integral part of the culture of Bangladesh. Prominent and widely celebrated festivals are Pohela Boishakh, Independence day, National Mourning Day, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Azha, Moharram, Durga puja, and Language Movement Day. Bangladesh is ethnically homogeneous, with Bengalis comprising 98% of the population. The majority of Bangladeshis (about 90%) are Muslim, and a small number of Hindus, Christians and Buddhists are also living in the country. But due to immense cultural diversity, multiple dialects, hybridization of social traits and norms as well as cultural upbringing, Bangladeshis cannot be stereotyped very easily, except for the only fact that they are very resilient in nature. People of different religions perform their religious rituals with festivity in Bangladesh. The Government has declared National  Holidays on all important religious festivals of the four major religions. Durga Puja, Christmas, and Buddha Purnima are celebrated with enthusiasm in Bangladesh. All of these form an integral part of the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a land of festivity. Muslims celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Eid-e-Miladunnabi, Muharram etc. Hindus observe Durga Puja, Kali Puja, and Sarashwati Puja among others. Buddha Purnima is the biggest festival for Bengali Buddhists, and Borodin (Christmas) is celebrated by the Christians. People from several tribal communities also have their respective festival as well. Apart from these religious and tribal celebrations we also have several secular festivals. Pohela Boishakh (Bangali New Year) is the biggest among all the festivals in Bangladesh. We also observe 21 February as Shahid Dibash (as observed worldwide as International Mother Language Day), 26 March as Independence Day, and 16 December as Victory Day. Lifestyle Cuisine Panta Ilish – a traditional platter ofPanta bhat, with fried hilsa slice, supplemented with dried fish (shutki),pickles (achar), dal, chillies, and onion – is a popular dish during the Pohela Boishakh festival. Bangladesh is famous for its distinctive culinary tradition, delicious food, snacks, and savories. Boiled rice constitutes the staple food, and is served with a variety of vegetables, fried as well with curry, thick lentil soups, fish and meat preparations of mutton, beef, and chicken, and very rarely pork only by certain small groups. Sweetmeats of Bangladesh are mostly milk based, and consist of several delights including roshgulla, sandesh, rasamalai, gulap jamun, kalo jamun, and chom-chom. Several other sweet preparations are also available. Bengali cuisine is rich and varied with the use of many specialized spices and flavours. Fish is the dominant source of protein, cultivated in ponds and fished with nets in the fresh-water rivers of the Ganges delta. More than 40 types of mostly freshwater fish are common, including carp, varieties like rui (rohu), katla, magur (catfish), chingÃ…â€"i (prawn or shrimp), as well as shuÃ… £ki (dried sea fish) are popular. Salt water fish (not sea fish though) and Ilish (hilsa ilisha) are very popular among Bengalis, can be  called an icon of Bengali cuisine. Serving dishes with beef is not a rare occurrence in Bangladesh. Beef curry is very common and an essential part of Bengal cuisine. Dress Bangladeshi people have unique dress preferences. Bangladeshi men sometimes wear kurta or fatua on religious and cultural occasions. Bangladeshi men wear lungi as casual wear (in rural areas) and shirt-pant or suits on formal occasions. The lungi is not considered proper to be worn outside the house except by the farmers and the low-income families. Shalwar Kameez and Sharee are the main dresses of Bangladeshi women. The women also have a different preference to which types of Shalwar Kameez and Sharee they would like to wear. Whether it may be silk sharees, georgette sharees, or designer sharees, each particular fabric contributes to representing the culture overall. Weaving the fabric for these dresses is a traditional art in Bangladesh. Conclusion Different culture groups think, feel, and act differently. There are no scientific standards for considering one group as intrinsically superior or inferior to another. Studying differences in culture among groups and societies presuppose a position of cultural relativism. It does not imply normalcy for oneself, or nor for one’s society. It, however, calls for judgment when dealing with groups or societies different from one’s own. Information about the nature of cultural differences between societies, their roots, and their consequences should precede judgment and action. Negotiation is more likely to succeed when the parties concerned understand the reasons for the differences in viewpoints.

The Leader of Future

Running Head: THE LEADER OF THE FUTURE Chantell Hilliard Post University The Leader of the Future BUS 508 December 15, 2012 Professor Carolyn Shiffman Table of Contents Executive Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Challenges for future leaders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 4 Blueprint for dynamic planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 4 Areas of focus for leaders of the future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 5 Lessons from past leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦. 7 Future Generational Workf orce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦. 9 References. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 10 Executive OverviewWhat does the leader of future look like? This question reflects on the Baby Boomers generation transitions into retirement leaving the next generation to move into leadership positions. For the next generation to transition into the once Baby Boomer workforce, future leaders have to face a range of challenges. This generation will need to learn how to monitor external threats and opportunities that can affect an organization. Leaders of the future have different leadership style from their counterparts. The next generation will have to learn from past leadership behaviors. Future leaders need to become technology savvy.They will also have to become acquainted with different cultures and practice the art of shared leadership. To succeed in a competitive business world, future leaders will have to develop a leadership style that fits the standards of an authentic leader. Challenges for leaders of the future As the business world changes, leadership roles will present challenges. The challenges that a leader will face knowing how to communicate is an important aspect for leaders to be effective. Through effective communication, leaders encourage others to trust and understand what is needed to be done within the organization.However, without effective communication a leader may not be able to lead his or her group effectively. Another distinctive challenge that leaders of the future will encounter are managing conflicts. Future lead ers will have to recognize conflict that is necessary and conflict that distracts subordinates and escalates. A leader who does not address conflict can see results lost productivity and lost revenue. If leaders of future want to increase performance they need to learn how to put aside personal feelings while dealing with conflicts among employees.Blueprint for dynamic planning The blueprint for dynamic planning is how a leader assesses external and internal analysis on opportunities and threats facing the organization environment. For an organization to have success, a leader needs to complete a SWOT analysis. Completing a SWOT analysis will enable a leader to focus on the organization strengths and weaknesses, spot opportunities, and lastly analyze any threats. The SWOT framework is a powerful planning tool that helps a leader understand the organization nice in the market and distinguish the company from their competitors.Monitoring the external environment requires a leader to u nderstand opportunities for the organization and threats that will hurt the organization growth. These external elements include customers, government, economy, competition, and public perception. The importance of customer relationships can help a company find ways to influence their customers to buy products and to improve sales. Government regulations are important to monitor because new laws and regulations can affect a company profit margins and determine if a company can ship their products into foreign markets.The external business environment can also exert the pressures of the economy. A leader should play close attention to the economy growing or collapsing. Monitoring the state of economy is crucial for leaders in the ever changing business world. For example, companies might need to lower prices during recessions. Because of the various economic shifts, leaders of the future will need to adapt their marketing strategies. Competition has a significant effect on an organiz ation external environment because competitors are continually differentiating their products and service from its competitors.Monitoring the competition will allow a leader to have a competitive advantage in the market. Lastly, a future leader should monitor any scandals or negative perceptions about the company. While a negative image can hurt company sales, it can eventually hinder growth and success. Areas of focus for leaders of the future If future leaders want to be effective they need to increase their focus on new technologies, appreciation of cultural diversity, and learn how to share leadership. Because of the rapid technological changes in the world, future business leaders need to be technology savvy.Having the ability to know the importance of technology, gives the future leader a competitive edged. Technology as we know it continues to evolve. Bennis (1992) suggest that leaders of the future need to embrace technology, if not they are sure to be unsuccessful on  "capitalizing on the opportunities that arise in this fast-evolving competitive arena† (Bennis, 1992, p. 189). The business world is becoming global. Leaders of the future should focus on cultural diversity because a cultural diverse workplace promotes several advantages for an organization.If leaders don’t respect the differences in other people’s cultural background they may risk falling behind as an effective leader. Understanding other people’s culture is considered a good business practice. If future leaders want to succeed in the business world, they need to implement motivational strategies that will inspire people in different cultures. To achieve a positive and collaborative environment, leaders have to embrace mutual respect amongst their diverse colleagues. Leaders of the future should understand that sharing leadership is not an easy task but quite possible.The following are ways leaders can share leadership: * Give power away to the most quali fied individuals to strengthen their capabilities (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Define the limits of decision-making power (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Cultivate a climate in which people feel free to take initiative on assignments (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Give qualified people discretion and autonomy over their tasks and resources and encourage them to use these tools (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Don't second guess the decisions of those you have empowered to do so (Goldsmith, 2010, p. ). Lessons from past leadership To be successful, a leader must learn lessons from past leadership behaviors. Many past leaders have engaged in negative and positive behaviors that can affect the organization. Following positive leadership behaviors will allow a leader to practices a leadership style that involves building an empowering workplace. Future leaders should strive to develop integrity. Having integrity means building trust with your followers. Most importantly, a leader who leads with integrit y means sticking to their word.Past leadership has shown that integrity requires a leader to have self-awareness. Self-awareness means that a leader is conscious of their strengths and weaknesses. For example, if a leader pretends to know everything and doesn’t acknowledge their mistakes, this creates the perception of lack of integrity from their followers. Leadership without integrity can have drastic consequences for any organization. Unfortunately, the Enron scandal is great example on how Enron leaders compromised integrity with their desires for wealth and power. Enron executives’ unethical practices left a scar on corporate America.Enron’s lack of integrity results in thousands of jobs lost, pensions lost, public disgrace, and felony convictions. The Enron fiasco should teach leaders of tomorrow that a true leader has the responsibility to be honest and open with their followers, have good character, obey the law and to transmit truthful data at all times . From a personal perspective, my core beliefs are solid and promote a positive leadership in the workplace. Having core values like integrity defines who I am as an authentic leader. I model integrity by being honest and making the right choices.Blanchard (2010) suggests that, â€Å"integrity is the most essential element of leadership† (p. 180). I believe that having integrity results in a leader being seen as credible to others. Without it, a person will fail as a leader. Leading by fear and intimidation are negative behaviors that future leaders should avoid. The problem with leading by fear is that it kills creativity in the workplace. Sadly, these tactics has been used by many leaders in organizations. Future leaders need to understand that leading by fear can have negative several repercussions.Leaders who lead through such means will find that this leadership style is not an effective approach for motivating, inspiring, and empowering their followers. As a result, thi s behavior creates uncertainty and high turnover among employees. Many will argue that this tactic can be beneficial for an organization. Apple Inc. , CEO Steve Jobs is a prime example on past leaders who lead by fear. Steve Jobs has been described as a complex and unconventional leader. His tyrannical leadership style created an atmosphere that employee received verbal lashings and fear of making mistakes.Steve Jobs successfully implemented innovation and provided success with Apple Inc. However, his style is worth learning so leaders of the future can avoid the pitfalls of leading with authoritarian leadership. Future Generational Workforce According to researchers by 2020 the future generational workforce will be led by three generations attempting to coexist in the US economy (Nahavandi, 2010). Currently, the workforce is comprised of baby boomers born between 1946-1964, Generation X born between 1966-1980, and the workforce of the future Generation Y also known as â€Å"Millen nials† born between 1980-2000.Because Baby Boomers are approaching retirement, employers are looking to the Millennial generation to bring in valuable new perspectives that will cater the organization mission and goals. The Millennial generation will approach their expectations and beliefs from an entirely new way that goes beyond traditional behaviors. What sets this generation apart from their older counterparts is that they are not afraid of the change. Therefore, their attitudes towards work are different from their parents because they prefer flexibility.Generation Y has high expectations from their employers and the direction of their career path. They are consistently seeking new and innovative challenges that will allow them to effectively lead others. Millennials leaders are very different from their previous generations because they rely heavily on the internet as a form of resource, communication and networking. This generation will overtake the majority American wo rkforce by storm and their leadership style will be influenced by leaders before them.These leaders will have no problem attracting and retaining followers because they are motivated to understand their subordinate’s perspectives. Conclusion In conclusion, as the workforce changes so does the look of leaders. These future leaders have to be prepared for the unexpected and unexplained challenges. Therefore, as the next generation enters leadership roles they will have to know more than traditional business practices seen by generations before. For an organization to survive, these future leaders should have a set of core values that followers will trust and respect.References Bennis, W. G. (1992). Leaders on Leadership. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Books. Blanchard, K. H. , (2010) Leading at a higher Level: Blanchard on Leadership and Creating High Performing Organizations, Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. Goldsmith, M. (2010, May). Sharing leadership to Maximize Talent. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved December 15, 2012 from http://blogs. hbr. org/goldsmith/2010/05/sharing_leadership_to_maximize. html Nahavandi, A. (2012). The Art and Science of Leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.